Water-Insensitive Electron Transport and Photoactive Layers for Improved Underwater Stability of Organic Photovoltaics

Chieh Ting Lin, Cheng Tien Hsieh, Thomas J. Macdonald, Jia Fu Chang, Po Chen Lin, Hyojung Cha, Ludmilla Steier, Andrew Wadsworth, Iain McCulloch, Chu Chen Chueh, James R. Durrant

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

13 Scopus citations

Abstract

Water ingress is one of the major environmental stresses to cause the degradation of device performance in organic photovoltaic (OPVs) and is one of the major barriers impeding their commercialization. This work demonstrates that combining the use of a nanoparticle titanium dioxide (np-TiO2) electron transporting layer (ETL) and an all-polymer bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photoactive layer can endow the derived OPV with a much better water resistivity than the commonly employed zinc oxide (ZnO) ETL or polymer:small molecule BHJ blends. Polymer donors/acceptors are first shown to possess better water-immersion than the small molecule counterparts. Hence, the all-polymer blend exhibits the lowest absorbance losses after water immersion among the studied BHJ systems. Furthermore, the result reveals that tailoring the structure of the TiO2 ETL from planar to nanoparticles effectively strengthens the adhesion at the ETL/BHJ interface to prevent physical delamination. Finally, the np-TiO2/all-polymer blend (half-cell) is demonstrated to have superior stability under water immersion, i.e., unchanged morphology and charge carrier transfer, as well as no efficiency changes in the complete cells. This work demonstrates the great potential of the all-polymer blends and np-TiO2 ETL for improving the durability of unencapsulated OPVs under high humidity environments and even water immersion.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number2203487
JournalAdvanced Functional Materials
Volume32
Issue number40
DOIs
StatePublished - Oct 5 2022
Externally publishedYes

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
  • General Chemistry
  • Biomaterials
  • General Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Electrochemistry

Keywords

  • all-polymer solar cells
  • electron transport layers
  • nanoparticle TiO
  • organic photovoltaics
  • underwater stability

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