TY - JOUR
T1 - Verifying Deep Reductions in the Nuclear Arsenals
T2 - Development and Demonstration of a Motion-Detection Subsystem for a 'Buddy Tag' Using Non-Export Controlled Accelerometers
AU - Glaser, Alexander
AU - Kutt, Moritz
N1 - Funding Information:
Manuscript received December 29, 2019; revised February 14, 2020; accepted February 18, 2020. Date of publication March 5, 2020; date of current version June 4, 2020. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance (AVC), and in part by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Consortium for Verification Technology under Award DE-NA 0002534. The associate editor coordinating the review of this article and approving it for publication was Prof. Guiyun Tian. (Corresponding author: Alexander Glaser.) Alexander Glaser is with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA (e-mail: alx@princeton.edu).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2001-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2020/7/1
Y1 - 2020/7/1
N2 - Future nuclear arms-control agreements may place numerical limits on items that are difficult to monitor with national technical means, even when complemented with onsite inspections. Such items could include small objects and mobile assets, such as non-deployed nuclear warheads and mobile missile launchers. Typically, this verification task can be addressed with unique identifiers, but standard tagging techniques may be unacceptable in this case due to host concerns about safety and intrusiveness. First proposed in the late 1980s and partially developed by Sandia National Laboratories in the early 1990s, the 'Proximity Tag' or 'Buddy Tag' concept seeks to overcome these concerns by separating the tag from the treaty accountable item itself. A buddy tag has two key elements: a tamper-indicating enclosure and a motion-detection system designed to detect illicit movements in a stand-down period. As part of this project, we have built a buddy-tag prototype for demonstration and evaluation purposes. This paper reviews the design choices and functionalities of the tag's motion-detection subsystem. We pursue a modular approach for the tag's hardware, built around an Arduino-class microcontroller and a non-export-controlled low-noise accelerometer, and use open-source algorithms for the motion-detection software. We discuss the results of an extensive experimental campaign involving both indoor and outdoor measurements assessing the performance of the tag under real-world environmental conditions.
AB - Future nuclear arms-control agreements may place numerical limits on items that are difficult to monitor with national technical means, even when complemented with onsite inspections. Such items could include small objects and mobile assets, such as non-deployed nuclear warheads and mobile missile launchers. Typically, this verification task can be addressed with unique identifiers, but standard tagging techniques may be unacceptable in this case due to host concerns about safety and intrusiveness. First proposed in the late 1980s and partially developed by Sandia National Laboratories in the early 1990s, the 'Proximity Tag' or 'Buddy Tag' concept seeks to overcome these concerns by separating the tag from the treaty accountable item itself. A buddy tag has two key elements: a tamper-indicating enclosure and a motion-detection system designed to detect illicit movements in a stand-down period. As part of this project, we have built a buddy-tag prototype for demonstration and evaluation purposes. This paper reviews the design choices and functionalities of the tag's motion-detection subsystem. We pursue a modular approach for the tag's hardware, built around an Arduino-class microcontroller and a non-export-controlled low-noise accelerometer, and use open-source algorithms for the motion-detection software. We discuss the results of an extensive experimental campaign involving both indoor and outdoor measurements assessing the performance of the tag under real-world environmental conditions.
KW - IIR filter
KW - Nuclear arms control
KW - motion detection
KW - tagging
KW - verification
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U2 - 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2978540
DO - 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2978540
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85086249877
SN - 1530-437X
VL - 20
SP - 7414
EP - 7421
JO - IEEE Sensors Journal
JF - IEEE Sensors Journal
IS - 13
M1 - 9025267
ER -