Two New Kinds of Biased Search Trees

In this paper, we introduce two new kinds of biased search trees: biased, a, b trees and pseudo‐weight‐balanced trees. A biased search tree is a data structure for storing a sorted set in which the access time for an item depends on its estimated access frequency in such a way that the average access time is small. Bent, Sleator, and Tarjan were the first to describe classes of biased search trees that are easy to update; such trees have applications not only in efficient table storage but also in various network optimization algorithms. Our biased a, b trees generalize the biased 2, b trees of Bent, Sleator, and Tarjan. They provide a biased generalization of B‐trees and are suitable for use in paged external memory, whereas previous kinds of biased trees are suitable for internal memory. Our pseudo‐weight‐balanced trees are a biased version of weight‐balanced trees much simpler than Bent's version. Weight balance is the natural kind of balance to use in designing biased trees; pseudo‐weight‐balanced trees are especially easy to implement and analyze.