Tuning the quantum oscillations of surface Dirac electrons in the topological insulator Bi₂Te₂Se by liquid gating

In Bi₂Te₂Se, the period of quantum oscillations arising from surface Dirac fermions can be increased sixfold using ionic liquid gating. At high gate voltages, the Fermi energy reaches the N=1 Landau level in a 14-T field. This enables the 12 shift predicted for the Dirac spectrum to be measured accurately. A surprising result is that liquid gating strongly enhances the surface mobility. By analyzing the Hall conductivity, we show that the enhancement occurs on only one surface. We present evidence that the gating process is fully reversible (hence consistent with band bending by the E field from the anion layer accumulated). In addition to the surface carriers, the experiment yields the mobility and density of the bulk carriers in the impurity band. By analyzing the charge accumulation vs gate voltage, we also obtain estimates of the depletion width and the areal depletion capacitance C _d/A. The value of C_d/A implies an enhanced electronic polarizability in the depletion region.