@article{680ee89e7b7049da9e14f2e525d32e25,
title = "Three-Dimensional Measurements of Air Entrainment and Enhanced Bubble Transport During Wave Breaking",
abstract = "We experimentally investigate the depth distributions and dynamics of air bubbles entrained by breaking waves in a wind-wave channel over a range of breaking wave conditions using high-resolution imaging and three-dimensional bubble tracking. Below the wave troughs, the bubble concentration decays exponentially with depth. Patches of entrained bubbles are identified for each breaking wave, and statistics describing the horizontal and vertical transport are presented. Aggregating our results, we find a stream-wise transport faster than the associated Stokes drift and modified Stokes drift for buoyant particles, which is an effect not accounted for in current models of bubble transport. This enhancement in transport is attributed to the flow field induced by the breaking waves and is relevant for the transport of bubbles, oil droplets, and microplastics at the ocean surface.",
keywords = "breaking waves, bubbles, entrainment, microplastics",
author = "Ruth, {Daniel J.} and Baptiste N{\'e}el and Erinin, {Martin A.} and Megan Mazzatenta and Robert Jaquette and Fabrice Veron and Luc Deike",
note = "Funding Information: The support of the Division of Ocean Sciences of the National Science Foundation under grant OCE2122042 to LD and OCE1829660 to FV are gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Collaborative Institute for Modeling the Earth System between NOAA GFDL and Princeton University. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship awarded to MM. DJR, BN, MAE, MM, FV, and LD designed the experiments; DJR, MAE, BN, MM, and RDJ collected wave and wind data. DJR performed stereoscopic tracking measurements, DJR and LD analyzed data and wrote the paper; all authors edited the paper. Funding Information: The support of the Division of Ocean Sciences of the National Science Foundation under grant OCE2122042 to LD and OCE1829660 to FV are gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Collaborative Institute for Modeling the Earth System between NOAA GFDL and Princeton University. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship awarded to MM. DJR, BN, MAE, MM, FV, and LD designed the experiments; DJR, MAE, BN, MM, and RDJ collected wave and wind data. DJR performed stereoscopic tracking measurements, DJR and LD analyzed data and wrote the paper; all authors edited the paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2022",
month = aug,
day = "28",
doi = "10.1029/2022GL099436",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "49",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "16",
}