The Simons Observatory: Characterization of the 220/280 GHz TES Detector Modules

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a new suite of cosmic microwave background telescopes in the Chilean Atacama Desert with an extensive science program spanning cosmology, galactic and extragalactic astrophysics, and particle physics. SO will survey the millimeter-wave sky over a wide range of angular scales using six spectral bands across three types of dichroic, polarization-sensitive transition-edge sensor (TES) detector modules: Low-frequency modules with bandpasses centered near 30 and 40 GHz, mid-frequency (MF) modules near 90 and 150 GHz, and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) modules near 220 and 280 GHz. In total, 25 UHF detector modules, each containing 1720 optically coupled TESs connected to microwave SQUID multiplexing readout, have now been produced. This work summarizes the predeployment characterization of these detector modules in laboratory cryostats. Across all UHF modules, we find an average operable TES yield of 83%, equating to over 36 000 devices tested. The distributions of (220, 280) GHz saturation powers have medians of (24, 26) pW, near the centers of their target ranges. For both bands, the median optical efficiency is 0.6, the median effective time constant is 0.4 ms, and the median dark noise-equivalent power (NEP) is ∼40 aW/S Hz. The expected photon NEPs at (220, 280) GHz are (64, 99) aW/S Hz, indicating that these detectors will achieve background-limited performance on the sky. In total, 39 UHF and MF detector modules are currently operating in fielded SO instruments, which are transitioning from the commissioning stage to full science observations.