@inbook{108413635bfb43bcb873fbde68351d1e,
title = "The magnetospheric trough",
abstract = "We review the history of the concepts of the magnetospheric cold-ion trough and hot-electron trough and conclude that the two regions are actually essentially the same. The magnetospheric trough may be viewed as a temporal state in the evolution of convecting flux tubes. These flux tubes are in contact with the earth{\textquoteright}s upper atmosphere, which acts both as a sink for precipitating hot plasma-sheet electrons and as a source for the cold ionospheric plasma, leading to progressive depletion of the plasma sheet and refilling with cold plasma. Geosynchronous plasma observations show that the rate of loss of plasma-sheet electron energy density is commensurate with the precipitating electron flux at the low-latitude edge of the diffuse aurorae. The rate at which geosynchronous flux tubes fill with cold ionospheric plasma is found to be consistent with previous estimates of early-time refilling. Geosynchronous observations further indicate that both Coulomb collisions and wave-particle effects probably play a role in trapping ionospheric material in the magnetosphere.",
author = "Thomsen, {M. F.} and McComas, {D. J.} and Borovsky, {J. E.} and Elphic, {R. C.}",
note = "Funding Information: We are grateful to D. L. Carpenter and to our colleagues at Los Alamos for numerous very helpful discussions and suggestions. We also thank J. L. Horwitz for his interest and encouragement, and we thank the reviewers for their helpful comments. This work was performed under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy with support from the NASA ISTP program. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 1998 by the American Geophysical Union.",
year = "1998",
doi = "10.1029/GM104p0355",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "9780875900872",
series = "Geophysical Monograph Series",
publisher = "Blackwell Publishing Ltd.",
pages = "355--369",
editor = "Horwitz, {James L.} and Peterson, {William K.} and Gallagher, {Dennis L.}",
booktitle = "Geospace Mass and Energy Flow",
}