@article{7203b3d2c35c4074a4dddbc4f4bd1796,
title = "The GFDL Global Ocean and Sea Ice Model OM4.0: Model Description and Simulation Features",
abstract = "We document the configuration and emergent simulation features from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) OM4.0 ocean/sea ice model. OM4 serves as the ocean/sea ice component for the GFDL climate and Earth system models. It is also used for climate science research and is contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project. The ocean component of OM4 uses version 6 of the Modular Ocean Model and the sea ice component uses version 2 of the Sea Ice Simulator, which have identical horizontal grid layouts (Arakawa C-grid). We follow the Coordinated Ocean-sea ice Reference Experiments protocol to assess simulation quality across a broad suite of climate-relevant features. We present results from two versions differing by horizontal grid spacing and physical parameterizations: OM4p5 has nominal 0.5° spacing and includes mesoscale eddy parameterizations and OM4p25 has nominal 0.25° spacing with no mesoscale eddy parameterization. Modular Ocean Model version 6 makes use of a vertical Lagrangian-remap algorithm that enables general vertical coordinates. We show that use of a hybrid depth-isopycnal coordinate reduces the middepth ocean warming drift commonly found in pure z* vertical coordinate ocean models. To test the need for the mesoscale eddy parameterization used in OM4p5, we examine the results from a simulation that removes the eddy parameterization. The water mass structure and model drift are physically degraded relative to OM4p5, thus supporting the key role for a mesoscale closure at this resolution.",
keywords = "CORE, hybrid coordinates, ocean circulation model",
author = "Alistair Adcroft and Whit Anderson and V. Balaji and Chris Blanton and Mitchell Bushuk and Dufour, {Carolina O.} and Dunne, {John P.} and Griffies, {Stephen M.} and Robert Hallberg and Harrison, {Matthew J.} and Held, {Isaac M.} and Jansen, {Malte F.} and John, {Jasmin G.} and Krasting, {John P.} and Langenhorst, {Amy R.} and Sonya Legg and Zhi Liang and Colleen McHugh and Aparna Radhakrishnan and Reichl, {Brandon G.} and Tony Rosati and Samuels, {Bonita L.} and Andrew Shao and Ronald Stouffer and Michael Winton and Wittenberg, {Andrew T.} and Baoqiang Xiang and Niki Zadeh and Rong Zhang",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the leadership of NOAA/GFDL (Director V. Ramaswamy and Associate Director W. Anderson) for their ongoing support during this model development project. We also thank the many GFDL scientists and engineers who provided valuable resources for algorithm development and code optimization, thus allowing OM4 to run efficiently and robustly across a suite of computational platforms. A. A., S. L.. and B. G. R. were supported by Award NA14OAR4320106 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the U.S. Department of Commerce. B. G. R. also acknowledges support from the Carbon Mitigation Initiative (CMI) project at Princeton University, sponsored by BP. C. O. D. acknowledges the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) under the Discovery Grants Program [RGPIN‐2018‐04985]. M. F. J. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through Award 1536350. We thank Thomas Delworth and Graeme MacGilchrist for critical feedback on early drafts of this manuscript as well as Mike Bell and Julie Deshayes for extremely thoughtful and helpful reviews. TAO/TRITON mooring observations were obtained on 8 June 2017 from the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array (GTMBA) Project Office of NOAA/PMEL, via their website ( https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/drupal/disdel/ ). The RAPID AMOC data were obtained from the RAPID‐WATCH MOC monitoring project at this site ( https://www.rapid.ac.uk/rapidmoc/ ). The NASA team satellite sea ice concentration observations are available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center website ( https://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC‐0051/versions/1 ). Chlorophyl data were obtained from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group; (2014): Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Ocean Color Data, NASA OB.DAAC (doi:10.5067/ORBVIEW‐2/SEAWIFS_OC.2014.0). Accessed on 2018/04/18. All results can be reproduced using software archived at this site ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2612846 ). Model source code included in the archive and documentation of compilation procedures are linked in the top‐level README . The up‐to‐date working versions of these experiments, and source code, can be found at https://github.com/NOAA‐GFDL/MOM6‐examples and https://github.com/NOAA‐GFDL/MOM6 , respectively. All scripts needed to obtain and process input data, as well as input parameter files can be found under the following directories ( ice_ocean_SIS2/OM4_025/ and ice_ocean_SIS2/OM4_05/ ). Model results are published at this site ( https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.8620 ). Scripts used for analysis are available at this site ( https://github.com/NOAA‐GFDL/OM4‐figures ). Funding Information: We thank the leadership of NOAA/GFDL (Director V. Ramaswamy and Associate Director W. Anderson) for their ongoing support during this model development project. We also thank the many GFDL scientists and engineers who provided valuable resources for algorithm development and code optimization, thus allowing OM4 to run efficiently and robustly across a suite of computational platforms. A. A., S. L. and B. G. R. were supported by Award NA14OAR4320106 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the U.S. Department of Commerce. B. G. R. also acknowledges support from the Carbon Mitigation Initiative (CMI) project at Princeton University, sponsored by BP. C. O. D. acknowledges the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) under the Discovery Grants Program [RGPIN-2018-04985]. M. F. J. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through Award 1536350. We thank Thomas Delworth and Graeme MacGilchrist for critical feedback on early drafts of this manuscript as well as Mike Bell and Julie Deshayes for extremely thoughtful and helpful reviews. TAO/TRITON mooring observations were obtained on 8 June 2017 from the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array (GTMBA) Project Office of NOAA/PMEL, via their website (https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/drupal/disdel/). The RAPID AMOC data were obtained from the RAPID-WATCH MOC monitoring project at this site (https://www.rapid.ac.uk/rapidmoc/). The NASA team satellite sea ice concentration observations are available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center website (https://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0051/versions/1). Chlorophyl data were obtained from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group; (2014): Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Ocean Color Data, NASA OB.DAAC (doi:10.5067/ORBVIEW-2/SEAWIFS_OC.2014.0). Accessed on 2018/04/18. All results can be reproduced using software archived at this site (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2612846). Model source code included in the archive and documentation of compilation procedures are linked in the top-level README. The up-to-date working versions of these experiments, and source code, can be found at https://github.com/NOAA-GFDL/MOM6-examples and https://github.com/NOAA-GFDL/MOM6, respectively. All scripts needed to obtain and process input data, as well as input parameter files can be found under the following directories (ice_ocean_SIS2/OM4_025/ and ice_ocean_SIS2/OM4_05/). Model results are published at this site (https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.8620). Scripts used for analysis are available at this site (https://github.com/NOAA-GFDL/OM4-figures). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019. The Authors.",
year = "2019",
month = oct,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1029/2019MS001726",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "11",
pages = "3167--3211",
journal = "Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems",
issn = "1942-2466",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "10",
}