@article{4a6ddd15e4a84bd0ab0bff1254ac4f48,
title = "The GFDL Global Atmosphere and Land Model AM4.0/LM4.0: 2. Model Description, Sensitivity Studies, and Tuning Strategies",
abstract = "In Part 2 of this two-part paper, documentation is provided of key aspects of a version of the AM4.0/LM4.0 atmosphere/land model that will serve as a base for a new set of climate and Earth system models (CM4 and ESM4) under development at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The quality of the simulation in AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) mode has been provided in Part 1. Part 2 provides documentation of key components and some sensitivities to choices of model formulation and values of parameters, highlighting the convection parameterization and orographic gravity wave drag. The approach taken to tune the model's clouds to observations is a particular focal point. Care is taken to describe the extent to which aerosol effective forcing and Cess sensitivity have been tuned through the model development process, both of which are relevant to the ability of the model to simulate the evolution of temperatures over the last century when coupled to an ocean model.",
keywords = "atmospheric variability, climate simulation, cloud and aerosol effect, convection and clouds, global atmospheric model, global climate model development",
author = "M. Zhao and Golaz, {J. C.} and Held, {I. M.} and H. Guo and V. Balaji and R. Benson and Chen, {J. H.} and X. Chen and Donner, {L. J.} and Dunne, {J. P.} and K. Dunne and J. Durachta and Fan, {S. M.} and Freidenreich, {S. M.} and Garner, {S. T.} and P. Ginoux and Harris, {L. M.} and Horowitz, {L. W.} and Krasting, {J. P.} and Langenhorst, {A. R.} and Z. Liang and P. Lin and Lin, {S. J.} and Malyshev, {S. L.} and E. Mason and Milly, {P. C.D.} and Y. Ming and V. Naik and F. Paulot and D. Paynter and P. Phillipps and A. Radhakrishnan and V. Ramaswamy and T. Robinson and D. Schwarzkopf and Seman, {C. J.} and E. Shevliakova and Z. Shen and H. Shin and Silvers, {L. G.} and Wilson, {J. R.} and M. Winton and Wittenberg, {A. T.} and B. Wyman and B. Xiang",
note = "Funding Information: We provide the AM4.0/LM4.0 code and selected model output data from an AMIP simulation at http://data1.gfdl. noaa.gov/nomads/forms/am4.0/. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme, which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6. We thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output, the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) for archiving the data and providing access, and the multiple funding agencies who support CMIP6 and ESGF. We thank the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and the IPCC Data Archive at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory/ Department of Energy (LLNL/DOE) for collecting, archiving the CMIP5 data and providing the standard portrait plots for model comparison. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. M. Zhao, J.-C. Golaz, B. Xiang, and Y. Ming acknowledge partial support by NOAA{\textquoteright}s Climate Program Office (CPO) Climate Variability and Predictability (CVP) Program (GC14–252) through a CPO CVP funded proposal for understanding AM4/CM4 biases. We are grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from Nathaniel Johnson and Hiroyuki Murakami. We thank Catherine Raphael for assistance with particular figures and the many GFDL scientists and support staff who have not been explicitly listed as authors but supported this effort through their insight, work on previous model development efforts on which this effort is based, and work of GFDL and NOAA{\textquoteright}s software and hardware infrastructures. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018. The Authors.",
year = "2018",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1002/2017MS001209",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "10",
pages = "735--769",
journal = "Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems",
issn = "1942-2466",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "3",
}