@article{cb9f0ae14f5a4fe6a44fede42684629e,
title = "The GFDL Global Atmosphere and Land Model AM4.0/LM4.0: 1. Simulation Characteristics With Prescribed SSTs",
abstract = "In this two-part paper, a description is provided of a version of the AM4.0/LM4.0 atmosphere/land model that will serve as a base for a new set of climate and Earth system models (CM4 and ESM4) under development at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). This version, with roughly 100 km horizontal resolution and 33 levels in the vertical, contains an aerosol model that generates aerosol fields from emissions and a “light” chemistry mechanism designed to support the aerosol model but with prescribed ozone. In Part 1, the quality of the simulation in AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) mode—with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea-ice distribution—is described and compared with previous GFDL models and with the CMIP5 archive of AMIP simulations. The model's Cess sensitivity (response in the top-of-atmosphere radiative flux to uniform warming of SSTs) and effective radiative forcing are also presented. In Part 2, the model formulation is described more fully and key sensitivities to aspects of the model formulation are discussed, along with the approach to model tuning.",
keywords = "atmospheric variability, climate simulation, cloud and aerosol effect, convection and clouds, global atmospheric model, global climate model development",
author = "M. Zhao and Golaz, {J. C.} and Held, {I. M.} and H. Guo and V. Balaji and R. Benson and Chen, {J. H.} and X. Chen and Donner, {L. J.} and Dunne, {J. P.} and K. Dunne and J. Durachta and Fan, {S. M.} and Freidenreich, {S. M.} and Garner, {S. T.} and P. Ginoux and Harris, {L. M.} and Horowitz, {L. W.} and Krasting, {J. P.} and Langenhorst, {A. R.} and Z. Liang and P. Lin and Lin, {S. J.} and Malyshev, {S. L.} and E. Mason and Milly, {P. C.D.} and Y. Ming and V. Naik and F. Paulot and D. Paynter and P. Phillipps and A. Radhakrishnan and V. Ramaswamy and T. Robinson and D. Schwarzkopf and Seman, {C. J.} and E. Shevliakova and Z. Shen and H. Shin and Silvers, {L. G.} and Wilson, {J. R.} and M. Winton and Wittenberg, {A. T.} and B. Wyman and B. Xiang",
note = "Funding Information: We provide the AM4.0/LM4.0 code and selected model output data from an AMIP simulation at http://data1.gfdl. noaa.gov/nomads/forms/am4.0/. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme, which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6. We thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output, the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) for archiving the data and providing access, and the multiple funding agencies who support CMIP6 and ESGF. We thank the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and the IPCC Data Archive at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory/ Department of Energy (LLNL/DOE) for collecting, archiving the CMIP5 data and providing the standard portrait plots for model comparison. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. M. Zhao, J.-C. Golaz, B. Xiang, and Y. Ming acknowledge partial support by NOAA{\textquoteright}s Climate Program Office (CPO) Climate Variability and Predictability (CVP) Program (GC14–252) through a CPO CVP funded proposal for understanding AM4/CM4 biases. MISR Level-3 AOD used in this study were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center. MODIS Level-3 AOD used in this study were acquired as part of the NASA{\textquoteright}s Earth-Sun System Division and archived and distributed by the MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS). Sunphotometer Level-2 AOD were obtained from the AERONET database managed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. We thank the AERONET program and their staff for establishing and maintaining the Sun photometer sites used in this investigation. We are grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from Nathaniel Johnson and Hiroyuki Murakami. We thank Catherine Raphael for assistance with particular figures and the many GFDL scientists and support staff who have not been explicitly listed as authors but supported this effort through their insight, work on previous model development efforts on which this effort is based, and work of GFDL and NOAA{\textquoteright}s software and hardware infrastructures. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018. The Authors.",
year = "2018",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1002/2017MS001208",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "10",
pages = "691--734",
journal = "Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems",
issn = "1942-2466",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "3",
}