@article{3df9cc18a00a47628137dbf28afd5216,
title = "The European armaments industry at the crossroads",
author = "Andrew Moravcsik",
note = "Funding Information: number of Panavia employees, see Ian MacKintosh, Sunrise Europe: The Dynamics of Information Technology (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), pp. 232-3. 35 In these studies, the length of a programme is measured from the beginning of development to production. If the time required to harmonize requirements were included, however, it is possible that collaborative programmes would appear longer. 36 On the Tornado cost overruns, see MacKintosh, op. cit. in note 34, pp. 232-3; and IEPG Report, op. cit. in note 17,Vol. II, pp. 109-23. 37 The Rafale project has pitted the French air force, which favoured the development of a naval version of the Rafale with joint funding from the navy, and the navy itself, which favoured off-the-shelf procurement of theF-18. Conflicts between the military and civilians, as well as within the military, have been an endemic consequence of the French policy of national independence in military aerospace. See Le Monde, 28-29 December 1986 and 21-22 June 1987; Kolodziej, op. cit. in note 25,pp. 161,337. 38 Even large industry-led consortia (such as the GE-SNECMA alliance in civil aeroengines) employ thejuste retour principle internally. See Interavia, May 1989, p. 392. 39 The Tornado was largely contracted on a cost-plus basis, while the norm for the EFA is fixed-price contracts. 40 Gansler, op. cit. in note 12, p. 165. 41 Jean-Pierre Chev{\`e}nement, Speech at the European Session of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de D{\'e}fense Nationale, 22 November 1988,cited in David S. Yost, 'French Perspectives on West European Defense Cooperation', mimeo., June 1989, p. 81.",
year = "1990",
doi = "10.1080/00396339008442508",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "32",
pages = "65--85",
journal = "Survival",
issn = "0039-6338",
publisher = "Routledge",
number = "1",
}