@article{178145c750474ef88690db491f6f632e,
title = "The El Ni{\~n}o–Southern Oscillation Pattern Effect",
abstract = "El Ni{\~n}o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability is accompanied by out-of-phase anomalies in the top-of-atmosphere tropical radiation budget, with anomalous downward flux (i.e., net radiative heating) before El Ni{\~n}o and anomalous upward flux thereafter (and vice versa for La Ni{\~n}a). Here, we show that these radiative anomalies result mainly from a sea surface temperature (SST) “pattern effect,” mediated by changes in tropical-mean tropospheric stability. These stability changes are caused by SST anomalies migrating from climatologically cool to warm regions over the ENSO cycle. Our results are suggestive of a two-way coupling between SST variability and radiation, where ENSO-induced radiative changes may in turn feed back onto SST during ENSO.",
keywords = "ENSO, climate change, climate feedbacks, climate variability, clouds, radiation budget",
author = "Paulo Ceppi and Stephan Fueglistaler",
note = "Funding Information: We thank Tim Andrews and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments. This work used JASMIN, the UK collaborative data analysis facility. The authors acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme, which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modeling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6. The authors thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output, the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) for archiving the data and providing access, and the multiple funding agencies who support CMIP6 and ESGF. Paulo Ceppi was supported by an Imperial College Research Fellowship and by the UK Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/T006250/1. Stephan Fueglistaler acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation awards PIRE‐1743753, AGS‐1417659, and AGS‐1733818. Funding Information: We thank Tim Andrews and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments. This work used JASMIN, the UK collaborative data analysis facility. The authors acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme, which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modeling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6. The authors thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output, the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) for archiving the data and providing access, and the multiple funding agencies who support CMIP6 and ESGF. Paulo Ceppi was supported by an Imperial College Research Fellowship and by the UK Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/T006250/1. Stephan Fueglistaler acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation awards PIRE-1743753, AGS-1417659, and AGS-1733818. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021. The Authors.",
year = "2021",
month = nov,
day = "16",
doi = "10.1029/2021GL095261",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "48",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "21",
}