Abstract
The challenges for the tracking detector systems at the LHC are unprecedented in terms of the number of channels, the required read-out speed and the expected radiation levels. The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker (SCT) end-caps have a total of about 3 million electronics channels each reading out every 25 ns into its own on-chip 3.3 μ s buffer. The highest anticipated dose after 10 years operation is 1.4 × 1014 cm- 2 in units of 1 MeV neutron equivalent (assuming the damage factors scale with the non-ionising energy loss). The forward tracker has 1976 double-sided modules, mostly of area ∼ 70 cm2, each having 2 × 768 strips read out by six ASICs per side. The requirement to achieve an average perpendicular radiation length of 1.5% X0, while coping with up to 7 W dissipation per module (after irradiation), leads to stringent constraints on the thermal design. The additional requirement of 1500 e- equivalent noise charge (ENC) rising to only 1800 e- ENC after irradiation, provides stringent design constraints on both the high-density Cu/Polyimide flex read-out circuit and the ABCD3TA read-out ASICs. Finally, the accuracy of module assembly must not compromise the 16 μ m (r φ) resolution perpendicular to the strip directions or 580 μ m radial resolution coming from the 40 mrad front-back stereo angle. A total of 2210 modules were built to the tight tolerances and specifications required for the SCT. This was 234 more than the 1976 required and represents a yield of 93%. The component flow was at times tight, but the module production rate of 40-50 per week was maintained despite this. The distributed production was not found to be a major logistical problem and it allowed additional flexibility to take advantage of where the effort was available, including any spare capacity, for building the end-cap modules. The collaboration that produced the ATLAS SCT end-cap modules kept in close contact at all times so that the effects of shortages or stoppages at different sites could be rapidly resolved.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 353-389 |
| Number of pages | 37 |
| Journal | Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |
| Volume | 575 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jun 1 2007 |
| Externally published | Yes |
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Nuclear and High Energy Physics
- Instrumentation
Keywords
- ATLAS
- LHC
- Microstrip
- Module
- SCT
- Silicon
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In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 575, No. 3, 01.06.2007, p. 353-389.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - The ATLAS semiconductor tracker end-cap module
AU - Abdesselam, A.
AU - Adkin, P. J.
AU - Allport, P. P.
AU - Alonso, J.
AU - Andricek, L.
AU - Anghinolfi, F.
AU - Antonov, A. A.
AU - Apsimon, R. J.
AU - Atkinson, T.
AU - Batchelor, L. E.
AU - Bates, R. L.
AU - Beck, G.
AU - Becker, H.
AU - Bell, P.
AU - Bell, W.
AU - Beneš, P.
AU - Bernabeu, J.
AU - Bethke, S.
AU - Bizzell, J. P.
AU - Blocki, J.
AU - Broklová, Z.
AU - Brož, J.
AU - Bohm, J.
AU - Booker, P.
AU - Bright, G.
AU - Brodbeck, T. J.
AU - Bruckman, P.
AU - Buttar, C. M.
AU - Butterworth, J. M.
AU - Campabadal, F.
AU - Campbell, D.
AU - Carpentieri, C.
AU - Carroll, J. L.
AU - Carter, A. A.
AU - Carter, J. R.
AU - Casse, G. L.
AU - Čermák, P.
AU - Chamizo, M.
AU - Charlton, D. G.
AU - Cheplakov, A.
AU - Chesi, E.
AU - Chilingarov, A.
AU - Chouridou, S.
AU - Chren, D.
AU - Christinet, A.
AU - Chu, M. L.
AU - Cindro, V.
AU - Ciocio, A.
AU - Civera, J. V.
AU - Clark, A.
AU - Colijn, A. P.
AU - Cooke, P. A.
AU - Costa, M. J.
AU - Costanzo, D.
AU - Dabrowski, W.
AU - Danielsen, K. M.
AU - Davies, V. R.
AU - Dawson, I.
AU - de Jong, P.
AU - Dervan, P.
AU - Doherty, F.
AU - Doležal, Z.
AU - Donega, M.
AU - D'Onofrio, M.
AU - Dorholt, O.
AU - Drásal, Z.
AU - Dowell, J. D.
AU - Duerdoth, I. P.
AU - Duxfield, R.
AU - Dwuznik, M.
AU - Easton, J. M.
AU - Eckert, S.
AU - Eklund, L.
AU - Escobar, C.
AU - Fadeyev, V.
AU - Fasching, D.
AU - Feld, L.
AU - Ferguson, D. P.S.
AU - Ferrari, P.
AU - Ferrere, D.
AU - Fleta, C.
AU - Fortin, R.
AU - Foster, J. M.
AU - Fowler, C.
AU - Fox, H.
AU - Freestone, J.
AU - French, R. S.
AU - Fuster, J.
AU - Gadomski, S.
AU - Gallop, B. J.
AU - García, C.
AU - García-Navarro, J. E.
AU - Gibson, S.
AU - Gilchriese, M. G.D.
AU - Gonzalez, F.
AU - Gonzalez-Sevilla, S.
AU - Goodrick, M. J.
AU - Gorisek, A.
AU - Gornicki, E.
AU - Greenall, A.
AU - Greenfield, D.
AU - Gregory, S.
AU - Grigorieva, I. G.
AU - Grillo, A. A.
AU - Grosse-Knetter, J.
AU - Gryska, C.
AU - Guipet, A.
AU - Haber, C.
AU - Hara, K.
AU - Hartjes, F. G.
AU - Hauff, D.
AU - Haywood, S. J.
AU - Hegeman, S. J.
AU - Heinzinger, K.
AU - Hessey, N. P.
AU - Heusch, C.
AU - Hicheur, A.
AU - Hill, J. C.
AU - Hodgkinson, M.
AU - Hodgson, P.
AU - Horažďovský, T.
AU - Hollins, T. I.
AU - Hou, L. S.
AU - Hou, S.
AU - Hughes, G.
AU - Huse, T.
AU - Ibbotson, M.
AU - Iglesias, M.
AU - Ikegami, Y.
AU - Ilyashenko, I.
AU - Issever, C.
AU - Jackson, J. N.
AU - Jakobs, K.
AU - Jared, R. C.
AU - Jarron, P.
AU - Johansson, P.
AU - Jones, R. W.L.
AU - Jones, T. J.
AU - Joos, D.
AU - Joseph, J.
AU - Jovanovic, P.
AU - Jusko, O.
AU - Jusko, V.
AU - Kaplon, J.
AU - Kazi, S.
AU - Ketterer, Ch
AU - Kholodenko, A. G.
AU - King, B. T.
AU - Kodyš, P.
AU - Koffeman, E.
AU - Kohout, Z.
AU - Kohriki, T.
AU - Kondo, T.
AU - Koperny, S.
AU - Koukol, H.
AU - Král, V.
AU - Kramberger, G.
AU - Kubík, P.
AU - Kudlaty, J.
AU - Lacasta, C.
AU - Lagouri, T.
AU - Lee, S. C.
AU - Leney, K.
AU - Lenz, S.
AU - Lester, C. G.
AU - Liebicher, K.
AU - Limper, M.
AU - Lindsay, S.
AU - Linhart, V.
AU - LLosá, G.
AU - Loebinger, F. K.
AU - Lozano, M.
AU - Ludwig, I.
AU - Ludwig, J.
AU - Lutz, G.
AU - Lys, J.
AU - Maassen, M.
AU - Macina, D.
AU - Macpherson, A.
AU - MacWaters, C.
AU - Magrath, C. A.
AU - Malecki, P.
AU - Mandić, I.
AU - Mangin-Brinet, M.
AU - Martí-García, S.
AU - Matheson, J. P.
AU - Matson, R. M.
AU - McMahon, S. J.
AU - McMahon, T. J.
AU - Meinhardt, J.
AU - Mellado, B.
AU - Melone, J. J.
AU - Mercer, I. J.
AU - Messmer, I.
AU - Mikulec, B.
AU - Mikuž, M.
AU - Miñano, M.
AU - Mitsou, V. A.
AU - Modesto, P.
AU - Moed, S.
AU - Mohn, B.
AU - Moncrieff, S.
AU - Moorhead, G.
AU - Morris, F. S.
AU - Morris, J.
AU - Morrissey, M.
AU - Moser, H. G.
AU - Moszczynski, A.
AU - Muijs, A. J.M.
AU - Murray, W. J.
AU - Muskett, D.
AU - Nacher, J.
AU - Nagai, K.
AU - Nakano, I.
AU - Nickerson, R. B.
AU - Nisius, R.
AU - Oye, O. K.
AU - O'Shea, V.
AU - Paganis, E.
AU - Parker, M. A.
AU - Parzefall, U.
AU - Pater, J. R.
AU - Peeters, S. J.M.
AU - Pellegrini, G.
AU - Pelleriti, G.
AU - Pernegger, H.
AU - Perrin, E.
AU - Phillips, P. W.
AU - Pilavova, L. V.
AU - Poltorak, K.
AU - Pospíšil, S.
AU - Postranecky, M.
AU - Pritchard, T.
AU - Prokofiev, K.
AU - Rafí, J. M.
AU - Raine, C.
AU - Ratoff, P. N.
AU - Řezníček, P.
AU - Riadovikov, V. N.
AU - Richter, R. H.
AU - Robichaud-Véronneau, A.
AU - Robinson, D.
AU - Rodriguez-Oliete, R.
AU - Roe, S.
AU - Rudge, A.
AU - Runge, K.
AU - Saavedra, A.
AU - Sadrozinski, H. F.W.
AU - Sanchez, F. J.
AU - Sandaker, H.
AU - Saxon, D. H.
AU - Scheirich, D.
AU - Schieck, J.
AU - Seiden, A.
AU - Sfyrla, A.
AU - Slavíček, T.
AU - Smith, K. M.
AU - Smith, N. A.
AU - Snow, S. W.
AU - Solar, M.
AU - Sopko, B.
AU - Sopko, V.
AU - Sospedra, L.
AU - Spencer, E.
AU - Stanecka, E.
AU - Stapnes, S.
AU - Stastny, J.
AU - Strachko, V.
AU - Stradling, A.
AU - Stugu, B.
AU - Su, D. S.
AU - Sutcliffe, P.
AU - Szczygiel, R.
AU - Tanaka, R.
AU - Taylor, G.
AU - Teng, P. K.
AU - Terada, S.
AU - Thompson, R. J.
AU - Titov, M.
AU - Toczek, B.
AU - Tovey, D. R.
AU - Tratzl, G.
AU - Troitsky, V. L.
AU - Tseng, J.
AU - Turala, M.
AU - Turner, P. R.
AU - Tyndel, M.
AU - Ullán, M.
AU - Unno, Y.
AU - Vickey, T.
AU - Van der Kraaij, E.
AU - Viehhauser, G.
AU - Villani, E. G.
AU - Vitek, T.
AU - Vu Anh, T.
AU - Vorobiev, A. P.
AU - Vossebeld, J. H.
AU - Wachler, M.
AU - Wallny, R.
AU - Ward, C. P.
AU - Warren, M. R.M.
AU - Webel, M.
AU - Weber, M.
AU - Weber, M.
AU - Weidberg, A. R.
AU - Weilhammer, P.
AU - Wells, P. S.
AU - Wetzel, P.
AU - Whitley, M.
AU - Wiesmann, M.
AU - Wilhelm, I.
AU - Willenbrock, M.
AU - Wilmut, I.
AU - Wilson, J. A.
AU - Winton, J.
AU - Wolter, M.
AU - Wormald, M. P.
AU - Wu, S. L.
AU - Wu, X.
AU - Zhu, H.
AU - Bingefors, N.
AU - Brenner, R.
AU - Ekelof, T.
N1 - Funding Information: We are greatly indebted to all the technical staff who worked on the end-cap module project from the ATLAS SCT Institutes. We acknowledge the support of the funding authorities of the collaborating institutes including the Spanish National Programme for Particle Physics; the Research Council of Norway; the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council of the United Kingdom; the Polish Ministry of Education and Science; the German Ministry of Science; the Swiss National Science Foundation; the State Secretariat for Education and Research and the Canton of Geneva; the Slovenian Research Agency and the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Slovenia; the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; the Office of High Energy Physics of the United States Department of Energy; the United States National Science Foundation; the Australian Department of Education, Science and Training; Dutch Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic; the National Science Council, Taiwan; the Swedish Research Council. The Research was supported in part by the EU under RTN Contract HPRN-CT-2002-00292 Probe for New Physics within the Sixth European Community Framework Programme.
PY - 2007/6/1
Y1 - 2007/6/1
N2 - The challenges for the tracking detector systems at the LHC are unprecedented in terms of the number of channels, the required read-out speed and the expected radiation levels. The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker (SCT) end-caps have a total of about 3 million electronics channels each reading out every 25 ns into its own on-chip 3.3 μ s buffer. The highest anticipated dose after 10 years operation is 1.4 × 1014 cm- 2 in units of 1 MeV neutron equivalent (assuming the damage factors scale with the non-ionising energy loss). The forward tracker has 1976 double-sided modules, mostly of area ∼ 70 cm2, each having 2 × 768 strips read out by six ASICs per side. The requirement to achieve an average perpendicular radiation length of 1.5% X0, while coping with up to 7 W dissipation per module (after irradiation), leads to stringent constraints on the thermal design. The additional requirement of 1500 e- equivalent noise charge (ENC) rising to only 1800 e- ENC after irradiation, provides stringent design constraints on both the high-density Cu/Polyimide flex read-out circuit and the ABCD3TA read-out ASICs. Finally, the accuracy of module assembly must not compromise the 16 μ m (r φ) resolution perpendicular to the strip directions or 580 μ m radial resolution coming from the 40 mrad front-back stereo angle. A total of 2210 modules were built to the tight tolerances and specifications required for the SCT. This was 234 more than the 1976 required and represents a yield of 93%. The component flow was at times tight, but the module production rate of 40-50 per week was maintained despite this. The distributed production was not found to be a major logistical problem and it allowed additional flexibility to take advantage of where the effort was available, including any spare capacity, for building the end-cap modules. The collaboration that produced the ATLAS SCT end-cap modules kept in close contact at all times so that the effects of shortages or stoppages at different sites could be rapidly resolved.
AB - The challenges for the tracking detector systems at the LHC are unprecedented in terms of the number of channels, the required read-out speed and the expected radiation levels. The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker (SCT) end-caps have a total of about 3 million electronics channels each reading out every 25 ns into its own on-chip 3.3 μ s buffer. The highest anticipated dose after 10 years operation is 1.4 × 1014 cm- 2 in units of 1 MeV neutron equivalent (assuming the damage factors scale with the non-ionising energy loss). The forward tracker has 1976 double-sided modules, mostly of area ∼ 70 cm2, each having 2 × 768 strips read out by six ASICs per side. The requirement to achieve an average perpendicular radiation length of 1.5% X0, while coping with up to 7 W dissipation per module (after irradiation), leads to stringent constraints on the thermal design. The additional requirement of 1500 e- equivalent noise charge (ENC) rising to only 1800 e- ENC after irradiation, provides stringent design constraints on both the high-density Cu/Polyimide flex read-out circuit and the ABCD3TA read-out ASICs. Finally, the accuracy of module assembly must not compromise the 16 μ m (r φ) resolution perpendicular to the strip directions or 580 μ m radial resolution coming from the 40 mrad front-back stereo angle. A total of 2210 modules were built to the tight tolerances and specifications required for the SCT. This was 234 more than the 1976 required and represents a yield of 93%. The component flow was at times tight, but the module production rate of 40-50 per week was maintained despite this. The distributed production was not found to be a major logistical problem and it allowed additional flexibility to take advantage of where the effort was available, including any spare capacity, for building the end-cap modules. The collaboration that produced the ATLAS SCT end-cap modules kept in close contact at all times so that the effects of shortages or stoppages at different sites could be rapidly resolved.
KW - ATLAS
KW - LHC
KW - Microstrip
KW - Module
KW - SCT
KW - Silicon
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=34248215287&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=34248215287&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2007.02.019
DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2007.02.019
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:34248215287
SN - 0168-9002
VL - 575
SP - 353
EP - 389
JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
IS - 3
ER -