@article{a6aabb980b66412ebd3919013ddd4d83,
title = "The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Modeling bulk atmospheric motion",
abstract = "Fluctuating atmospheric emission is a dominant source of noise for ground-based millimeter-wave observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropy at angular scales 0.5°. We present a model of the atmosphere as a discrete set of emissive turbulent layers that move with respect to the observer with a horizontal wind velocity. After introducing a statistic derived from the time-lag dependent correlation function for detector pairs in an array, referred to as the pair-lag, we use this model to estimate the aggregate angular motion of the atmosphere derived from time-ordered data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). We find that estimates derived from ACT's CMB observations alone agree with those derived from satellite weather data that additionally include a height-dependent horizontal wind velocity and water vapor density. We also explore the dependence of the measured atmospheric noise spectrum on the relative angle between the wind velocity and the telescope scan direction. In particular, we find that varying the scan velocity changes the noise spectrum in a predictable way. Computing the pair-lag statistic opens up new avenues for understanding how atmospheric fluctuations impact measurements of the CMB anisotropy.",
author = "Morris, {Thomas W.} and Ricardo Bustos and Erminia Calabrese and Choi, {Steve K.} and Duivenvoorden, {Adriaan J.} and Jo Dunkley and Rolando D{\"u}nner and Gallardo, {Patricio A.} and Matthew Hasselfield and Hincks, {Adam D.} and Tony Mroczkowski and Sigurd Naess and Niemack, {Michael D.} and Lyman Page and Bruce Partridge and Maria Salatino and Suzanne Staggs and Jesse Treu and Wollack, {Edward J.} and Zhilei Xu",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation through Grants No. AST-0408698, No. AST-0965625, and No. AST-1440226 for the ACT project, as well as Grants No. PHY-0355328, No. PHY-0855887, and No. PHY-1214379. Funding was also provided by Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and a Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) award to UBC. ACT operates in the Parque Astron{\'o}mico Atacama in northern Chile under the auspices of the Agencia Nacional de Investigaci{\'o}n y Desarrollo (ANID). T. M. gratefully acknowledges financial support through Professor David Spergel. The work was also supported by the Misrahi and Wilkinson funds and made use of the Della computer cluster. R. B. acknowledges support for the UdeC-UCSC 183 GHz radiometer from the UCSC Project No. DINREG 06/2017. S. K. C. acknowledges support from NSF Grant No. AST-2001866. A. D. H. acknowledges support from the Sutton Family Chair in Science, Christianity, and Cultures and from the Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto. Z. X. is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. We gratefully acknowledge the many publicly available software packages that were essential for parts of this analysis including n um p y, s ci p y, and scikit - learn . We also acknowledge use of the matplotlib package and the Python Image Library for producing plots in this paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the {"}https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/{"}Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.",
year = "2022",
month = feb,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.105.042004",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "105",
journal = "Physical Review D",
issn = "2470-0010",
publisher = "American Physical Society",
number = "4",
}