@article{eb7d112e00db4a0c964d5e600c6db03d,
title = "Stratospheric aerosol—Observations, processes, and impact on climate",
abstract = "Interest in stratospheric aerosol and its role in climate have increased over the last decade due to the observed increase in stratospheric aerosol since 2000 and the potential for changes in the sulfur cycle induced by climate change. This review provides an overview about the advances in stratospheric aerosol research since the last comprehensive assessment of stratospheric aerosol was published in 2006. A crucial development since 2006 is the substantial improvement in the agreement between in situ and space-based inferences of stratospheric aerosol properties during volcanically quiescent periods. Furthermore, new measurement systems and techniques, both in situ and space based, have been developed for measuring physical aerosol properties with greater accuracy and for characterizing aerosol composition. However, these changes induce challenges to constructing a long-term stratospheric aerosol climatology. Currently, changes in stratospheric aerosol levels less than 20% cannot be confidently quantified. The volcanic signals tend to mask any nonvolcanically driven change, making them difficult to understand. While the role of carbonyl sulfide as a substantial and relatively constant source of stratospheric sulfur has been confirmed by new observations and model simulations, large uncertainties remain with respect to the contribution from anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions. New evidence has been provided that stratospheric aerosol can also contain small amounts of nonsulfate matter such as black carbon and organics. Chemistry-climate models have substantially increased in quantity and sophistication. In many models the implementation of stratospheric aerosol processes is coupled to radiation and/or stratospheric chemistry modules to account for relevant feedback processes.",
keywords = "review, stratospheric aerosol",
author = "Stefanie Kremser and Thomason, {Larry W.} and {von Hobe}, Marc and Markus Hermann and Terry Deshler and Claudia Timmreck and Matthew Toohey and Andrea Stenke and Schwarz, {Joshua P.} and Ralf Weigel and Fueglistaler, {Stephan Andreas} and Prata, {Fred J.} and Vernier, {Jean Paul} and Hans Schlager and Barnes, {John E.} and Antu{\~n}a-Marrero, {Juan Carlos} and Duncan Fairlie and Mathias Palm and Emmanuel Mahieu and Justus Notholt and Markus Rex and Christine Bingen and Filip Vanhellemont and Adam Bourassa and Plane, {John M.C.} and Daniel Klocke and Carn, {Simon A.} and Lieven Clarisse and Thomas Trickl and Ryan Neely and James, {Alexander D.} and Landon Rieger and Wilson, {James C.} and Brian Meland",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank Thomas Peter, Stephan Borrmann, and Beiping Luo for the many very helpful discussions and suggestions. We would like to thank Aimee V. Amin, SSAI (Hampton, VA, USA) for the design of Figure, Michael H{\'o}pfner for providing Figure, Horst J{\"a}ger for his assistance in generating underlying data files for parts of Figure /Figure, and Steven Smith for providing the anthropogenic sulfur emissions data for Figure . The authors thank the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) through their support of the SSiRC science team that made this publication possible. We would like to thank SPARC for their support of the SSiRC activity. L. Clarisse is a research associate with the F.N.R.S. S. Kremser would like to thank the Royal Society of New Zealand for support through the Marsden Fast-Start fund. J.M.C. Plane and A.D. James are supported by a grant from the European Research Council (project 291332-CODITA). C. Timmreck and M. Toohey acknowledge support from the German federal Ministry of Education (BMBF), research program “MiKlip” (FKZ:01LP130A(CT):/01LP1130B(MT)). R. Weigel and M. v. Hobe are supported by SPITFIRE which is funded by the German BMBF under the ROMIC (ROle of the MIddle atmosphere in Climate programme. R. Weigel and M. v. Hobe are supported by SPITFIRE which is funded by the German BMBF under the ROMIC (ROle of the MIddle atmosphere in Climate) programme. Work on this review was partly supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement 603557. The data presented in this study are listed in the provided references. Requests for data used in this paper can be directed to S. Kremser (stefanie@bodekerscientific.com). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2016",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1002/2015RG000511",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "54",
pages = "278--335",
journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
issn = "8755-1209",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "2",
}