Spatially separated crystallization for selective lithium extraction from saline water

Limited lithium supply is hindering the global transformation towards electrification and decarbonization. Current lithium mining can be energy, chemical and land intensive. Here we present an efficient and self-concentrating crystallization method for the selective extraction of lithium from both brine and seawater. The sequential and separable crystallization of cation species with different concentrations and solubilities was enabled by a twisted and slender 3D porous natural cellulose fibre structure via capillary and evaporative flows. The process exhibited an evaporation rate as high as 9.8 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, and it selectively concentrated lithium by orders of magnitude. The composition and spatial distribution of crystals were characterized, and a transport model deciphered the ion re-distribution process in situ. We also demonstrated system scalability via a 100-crystallizer array.