@article{5de964494049476b9ce667dd7a10b8d3,
title = "Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology",
abstract = "Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and ≥5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and rhenium-osmium dating suggests that the older (Sturtian) glacial onset and both terminations were globally synchronous. Geochemical data imply that CO2 was 102 PAL (present atmospheric level) at the younger termination, consistent with a global ice cover. Sturtian glaciation followed breakup of a tropical supercontinent, and its onset coincided with the equatorial emplacement of a large igneous province. Modeling shows that the small thermal inertia of a globally frozen surface reverses the annual mean tropical atmospheric circulation, producing an equatorial desert and net snow and frost accumulation elsewhere. Oceanic ice thickens, forming a sea glacier that flows gravitationally toward the equator, sustained by the hydrologic cycle and by basal freezing and melting. Tropical ice sheets flow faster as CO2 rises but lose mass and become sensitive to orbital changes. Equatorial dust accumulation engenders supraglacial oligotrophic meltwater ecosystems, favorable for cyanobacteria and certain eukaryotes. Meltwater flushing through cracks enables organic burial and submarine deposition of airborne volcanic ash. The subglacial ocean is turbulent and well mixed, in response to geothermal heating and heat loss through the ice cover, increasing with latitude. Terminal carbonate deposits, unique to Cryogenian glaciations, are products of intense weathering and ocean stratification. Whole-ocean warming and collapsing peripheral bulges allow marine coastal flooding to continue long after ice-sheet disappearance. The evolutionary legacy of Snowball Earth is perceptible in fossils and living organisms.",
author = "Hoffman, {Paul F.} and Abbot, {Dorian S.} and Yosef Ashkenazy and Benn, {Douglas I.} and Brocks, {Jochen J.} and Cohen, {Phoebe A.} and Cox, {Grant M.} and Creveling, {Jessica R.} and Yannick Donnadieu and Erwin, {Douglas H.} and Fairchild, {Ian J.} and David Ferreira and Goodman, {Jason C.} and Halverson, {Galen P.} and Jansen, {Malte F.} and {Le Hir}, Guillaume and Love, {Gordon D.} and Macdonald, {Francis A.} and Maloof, {Adam C.} and Partin, {Camille A.} and Gilles Ramstein and Rose, {Brian E.J.} and Rose, {Catherine V.} and Sadler, {Peter M.} and Eli Tziperman and Aiko Voigt and Warren, {Stephen G.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank K. Hodges for inviting and B. Schoene for editing this contribution in honor of geologist S. Bowring. We are grateful to R. Pierrehumbert and two anonymous reviewers for comments that materially improved the paper. Funding: G.R. was supported by CNRS funding through the ECLIPSE program. B.E.J.R. was supported by NSF grant AGS-1455071. A.V. was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and Research for Sustainable Development (FONA) (www.fona.de) under grant 01LK1509A. S.G.W. was supported by NSF grant ANT-1142963. Author contributions: P.F.H. conceived and wrote successive drafts of the manuscript, to which each co-author responded with corrections, discussions, and/or revised text. All authors approved the final text and figures. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or references cited. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science.",
year = "2017",
doi = "10.1126/sciadv.1600983",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "3",
journal = "Science advances",
issn = "2375-2548",
publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
number = "11",
}