Abstract
By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars’ surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking’s Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∼ 2500 at 1 Hz and ∼200000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars’ surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of M w ∼ 3 at 40 ∘ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution.
Original language | English (US) |
---|---|
Article number | 12 |
Journal | Space Science Reviews |
Volume | 215 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jan 1 2019 |
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science
Keywords
- InSight
- Mars seismology
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In: Space Science Reviews, Vol. 215, No. 1, 12, 01.01.2019.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - SEIS
T2 - Insight’s Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars
AU - Lognonné, P.
AU - Banerdt, W. B.
AU - Giardini, D.
AU - Pike, W. T.
AU - Christensen, U.
AU - Laudet, P.
AU - de Raucourt, S.
AU - Zweifel, P.
AU - Calcutt, S.
AU - Bierwirth, M.
AU - Hurst, K. J.
AU - Ijpelaan, F.
AU - Umland, J. W.
AU - Llorca-Cejudo, R.
AU - Larson, S. A.
AU - Garcia, R. F.
AU - Kedar, S.
AU - Knapmeyer-Endrun, B.
AU - Mimoun, D.
AU - Mocquet, A.
AU - Panning, M. P.
AU - Weber, R. C.
AU - Sylvestre-Baron, A.
AU - Pont, G.
AU - Verdier, N.
AU - Kerjean, L.
AU - Facto, L. J.
AU - Gharakanian, V.
AU - Feldman, J. E.
AU - Hoffman, T. L.
AU - Klein, D. B.
AU - Klein, K.
AU - Onufer, N. P.
AU - Paredes-Garcia, J.
AU - Petkov, M. P.
AU - Willis, J. R.
AU - Smrekar, S. E.
AU - Drilleau, M.
AU - Gabsi, T.
AU - Nebut, T.
AU - Robert, O.
AU - Tillier, S.
AU - Moreau, C.
AU - Parise, M.
AU - Aveni, G.
AU - Ben Charef, S.
AU - Bennour, Y.
AU - Camus, T.
AU - Dandonneau, P. A.
AU - Desfoux, C.
AU - Lecomte, B.
AU - Pot, O.
AU - Revuz, P.
AU - Mance, D.
AU - tenPierick, J.
AU - Bowles, N. E.
AU - Charalambous, C.
AU - Delahunty, A. K.
AU - Hurley, J.
AU - Irshad, R.
AU - Liu, Huafeng
AU - Mukherjee, A. G.
AU - Standley, I. M.
AU - Stott, A. E.
AU - Temple, J.
AU - Warren, T.
AU - Eberhardt, M.
AU - Kramer, A.
AU - Kühne, W.
AU - Miettinen, E. P.
AU - Monecke, M.
AU - Aicardi, C.
AU - André, M.
AU - Baroukh, J.
AU - Borrien, A.
AU - Bouisset, A.
AU - Boutte, P.
AU - Brethomé, K.
AU - Brysbaert, C.
AU - Carlier, T.
AU - Deleuze, M.
AU - Desmarres, J. M.
AU - Dilhan, D.
AU - Doucet, C.
AU - Faye, D.
AU - Faye-Refalo, N.
AU - Gonzalez, R.
AU - Imbert, C.
AU - Larigauderie, C.
AU - Locatelli, E.
AU - Luno, L.
AU - Meyer, J. R.
AU - Mialhe, F.
AU - Mouret, J. M.
AU - Nonon, M.
AU - Pahn, Y.
AU - Paillet, A.
AU - Pasquier, P.
AU - Perez, G.
AU - Perez, R.
AU - Perrin, L.
AU - Pouilloux, B.
AU - Rosak, A.
AU - Savin de Larclause, I.
AU - Sicre, J.
AU - Sodki, M.
AU - Toulemont, N.
AU - Vella, B.
AU - Yana, C.
AU - Alibay, F.
AU - Avalos, O. M.
AU - Balzer, M. A.
AU - Bhandari, P.
AU - Blanco, E.
AU - Bone, B. D.
AU - Bousman, J. C.
AU - Bruneau, P.
AU - Calef, F. J.
AU - Calvet, R. J.
AU - D’Agostino, S. A.
AU - de los Santos, G.
AU - Deen, R. G.
AU - Denise, R. W.
AU - Ervin, J.
AU - Ferraro, N. W.
AU - Gengl, H. E.
AU - Grinblat, F.
AU - Hernandez, D.
AU - Hetzel, M.
AU - Johnson, M. E.
AU - Khachikyan, L.
AU - Lin, J. Y.
AU - Madzunkov, S. M.
AU - Marshall, S. L.
AU - Mikellides, I. G.
AU - Miller, E. A.
AU - Raff, W.
AU - Singer, J. E.
AU - Sunday, C. M.
AU - Villalvazo, J. F.
AU - Wallace, M. C.
AU - Banfield, D.
AU - Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. A.
AU - Russell, C. T.
AU - Trebi-Ollennu, A.
AU - Maki, J. N.
AU - Beucler, E.
AU - Böse, M.
AU - Bonjour, C.
AU - Berenguer, J. L.
AU - Ceylan, S.
AU - Clinton, J.
AU - Conejero, V.
AU - Daubar, I.
AU - Dehant, V.
AU - Delage, P.
AU - Euchner, F.
AU - Estève, I.
AU - Fayon, L.
AU - Ferraioli, L.
AU - Johnson, C. L.
AU - Gagnepain-Beyneix, J.
AU - Golombek, M.
AU - Khan, A.
AU - Kawamura, T.
AU - Kenda, B.
AU - Labrot, P.
AU - Murdoch, N.
AU - Pardo, C.
AU - Perrin, C.
AU - Pou, L.
AU - Sauron, A.
AU - Savoie, D.
AU - Stähler, S.
AU - Stutzmann, E.
AU - Teanby, N. A.
AU - Tromp, Jeroen
AU - van Driel, M.
AU - Wieczorek, M.
AU - Widmer-Schnidrig, R.
AU - Wookey, J.
N1 - Funding Information: The French team acknowledges and thanks all contractors and industrial partners who have contributed to the EC/VBB/VBB Electronics/cradle subsystems and associated tests through industrial contracts (SODERN, EREMS. DELTAPRESI, MICROCERTEC, AIRBUS DS, SMAC, MECANO ID). IMAGO and VR2PLANET contributed also to the SEIS portal and outreach VR tools. CNES Toulouse team acknowledges and thanks the contractors having supported integration and environment tests (ALTEN SUD OUEST, LOGI-QUAL ET ALTRAN, XLM, EPSILON, THALES SERVICE, LANAGRAM), performance tests (ATELIER IMAGES, R-TECH, ASSYSTEM, AKKA, VERITAS) and SISMOC (CS, CAPGEMINI). IPGP technical team acknowledges and thanks collaborators who provided support at IPGP’s Observatoire de Saint Maur (D. Baillivet, C. Choque Cortez, F. Rolfo, A. Simonin from ALTRAN, R. Crane from ASSYSTEM and M.A. Desnos, O. Mbeumou from NEXEYA). Additional support to IPGP was provided by IRAP for VBB proximity electronics packaging and from ENPC/Navier for SEIS feet design. IPGP VBB team acknowledges also those who contributed to the early design of the VBBs prior InSight, especially J.F. Karczewski, S. Cacho, C. Cavoit and P. Schibler and E. Wielandt for fruitful advice. Funding Information: The Swiss contribution in implementation of the SEIS electronics was made possible through funding from the federal Swiss Space Office (SSO), the contractual and technical support of the ESA-PRODEX office and the industrial contractor SYDERAL SA. We thank in particular A. Werthmüller (SSO), C. Bramanti (ESA) and C/Barraud (SYDERAL) for their strong contribution to the successful completion of the SEIS EBox. The Marsquake service was partly supported by funding from the (1) Swiss National Science Foundation and French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SNF-ANR project 157133 “Seismology on Mars”) and the (2) Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SEFRI project “MarsQuake Service— Preparatory Phase”). Additional support came from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) under project ID s682. Funding Information: Funding of all subsystems has been made without fund transfer and has been therefore supported by the French (CNES), US (NASA within JPL Discovery contract), German (DLR), Swiss (SSO) and UK (UKSA) space agencies. Additional human resources support has been made by the national academic and research organizations. See details in the Acknowledgement section. CNES has in addition done the overall project management and ESA has managed the Swiss ETHZ contribution through PRODEX. Funding Information: The French Team acknowledge the French Space Agency CNES which as supported and funded all SEIS related contracts and CNES employees. Very large human resource support has been also provided by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), by Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) for contract administrative management and by several French Universities or Engineer Schools, including Université Paris Diderot, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut National de l’Aéonautique et de l’Espace/Supaero. The cleaning of all VBBs have been performed by IPGP with support of IMPMC in the clean rooms of the Paris Diderot Space Campus funded by the Ile de France under the SESAME project “Pole Terre-Planètes”, while the cold test have been performed in facilities funded by CNES and Ile de France under SESAME project “Centre de Simulation Martien”. Extra scientific support of the French SEIS team has been provided by ANR under the ANR SEISMARS project, by UnivEarthS Labex program (ANR-10-LABX-0023), IDEX Sorbonne Paris Cité (ANR-11-IDEX-0005-0) and by GENCI (A0030407341) for supercomputing resource. P. Lognonné acknowledges the long support of CNES and of R. Bonneville, F. Rocard and especially F. Casolli, as well as CNRS and the Institut Universitaire de France for extra support enabling full dedication to the SEIS project during the critical implementation time. Funding Information: The MPS SEIS team acknowledges the funding for the SEIS Leveling system development by the DLR German Space Agency. SEIS-SP development and delivery were funded by the UK Space Agency. Publisher Copyright: © 2019, The Author(s).
PY - 2019/1/1
Y1 - 2019/1/1
N2 - By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars’ surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking’s Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∼ 2500 at 1 Hz and ∼200000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars’ surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of M w ∼ 3 at 40 ∘ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution.
AB - By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars’ surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking’s Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∼ 2500 at 1 Hz and ∼200000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars’ surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of M w ∼ 3 at 40 ∘ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution.
KW - InSight
KW - Mars seismology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85060754712&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85060754712&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6
DO - 10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30880848
AN - SCOPUS:85060754712
SN - 0038-6308
VL - 215
JO - Space Science Reviews
JF - Space Science Reviews
IS - 1
M1 - 12
ER -