Sea ice and mixed layer depth influence on nitrate depletion and associated isotopic effects in the Drake Passage-Weddell Sea region, Southern Ocean

The regions near the Antarctic Peninsula in the Southern Ocean are highly productive, with notable phytoplanktonic blooms in the ice-free season. The primary productivity is sustained by the supply of nutrients from convective mixing with nutrient-rich subsurface waters, which promotes rapid phytoplankton growth as the sea ice melts in spring and summer. Surface waters are marked by the contrast between the warmer Drake Passage and the colder Weddell Sea, and seasonal duration of sea ice cover varies accordingly. Sea ice exerts multiple controls over primary production, by shading the light entering the ocean and stratifying the upper ocean with freshening by ice melt. However, the interaction between sea ice and productivity remains poorly characterized because satellites are unable to quantify biomass in partially ice-covered ocean, and direct measurements are too scarce to characterize the seasonally varying productivity. Here we evaluate productivity by assessing removal of nitrate from surface waters by biological nutrient utilization and study the associated change in 15N of nitrate. We use a combination of bottle samples and in situ nitrate measurements from published databases, completed by two transects with isotopic measurements. The timing of sea ice melt date conditions the initiation of nitrate drawdown, but the annual minimum of nitrate only weakly correlates with sea ice concentration. As previously reported, we observe that 15N of nitrate increases with nitrate depletion. Interestingly, the lowest nitrate depletion and 15N values are found in the central region of N-S transects, where intermediate temperature and sea ice conditions prevail. Deeper mixing in waters that passed through the northern Bransfield Strait may explain higher nitrate concentration due to both a greater nitrate concentration at the beginning of the growth season and reduced productivity under light limitation in deeply mixed waters, confirmed by nitrogen isotope modeling. This highlights the importance of oceanographic controls on productivity patterns in sea ice regions in the Southern Ocean.