Reduction of low-Z impurities during plasma start-up

Reduction of low-Z impurities is essential during the plasma start-up in tokamaks. For plasma start-up using the method of Coaxial Helicity Injection (CHI) it has been found that conventional wall conditioning methods have been inadequate to generate a plasma with acceptably low levels of low-Z impurities. NSTX has now used a new combination of techniques to improve CHI start-up performance. These are the use of high-current discharge cleaning of the lower divertor surfaces, which function as the CHI electrodes, to remove loosely bound impurities, controlling the poloidal magnetic field to avoid plasma wall contact and the use of evaporated lithium coatings of the electrodes and other plasma-facing surfaces. Together, these techniques have enabled significant improvement in NSTX CHI performance leading to a saving of central solenoid flux and the first observation of electron temperatures during CHI exceeding the oxygen radiation barrier temperature.