Processing and manufacturing of next generation lithium-based all solid-state batteries

All solid-state batteries are safe and potentially energy dense alternatives to conventional lithium ion batteries. However, current solid-state batteries are projected to costs well over $100/kWh. The high cost of solid-state batteries is attributed to both materials processing costs and low throughput manufacturing. Currently there are a range of solid electrolytes being examined and each material requires vastly different working environments and processing conditions. The processing environment (pressure and temperature) and cell operating conditions (pressure and temperature) influence costs. The need for high pressure during manufacturing and/or cell operation will ultimately increase plant footprint, costs, and machine operating times. Long term, for solid state batteries to become economical, conventional manufacturing approaches need to be adapted. In this perspective we discuss how material selection, processing approach, and system architecture will influence lithium-based solid state battery manufacturing.