Abstract
The Andromeda galaxy (M 31) is one of a few galaxies that has sufficient angular size on the sky to be resolved by the Planck satellite. Planck has detected M 31 in all of its frequency bands, and has mapped out the dust emission with the High Frequency Instrument, clearly resolving multiple spiralarms and sub-features. We examine the morphology of this long-wavelength dust emission as seen by Planck, including a study of its outermost spiral arms, and investigate the dust heating mechanism across M 31. We find that dust dominating the longer wavelength emission (≥ 0.3 mm) is heated by the diffuse stellar population (as traced by 3.6 μm emission), with the dust dominating the shorter wavelength emission heated by a mix of the old stellar population and star-forming regions (as traced by 24 μm emission). We also fit spectral energy distributions for individual 5′ pixels and quantify the dust properties across the galaxy, taking into account these different heating mechanisms, finding that there is a linear decrease in temperature with galactocentric distance for dust heated by the old stellar population, as would be expected, with temperatures ranging from around 22 K in the nucleus to 14 K outside of the 10 kpc ring. Finally, we measure the integrated spectrum of the whole galaxy, which we find to be well-fitted with a global dust temperature of (18.2 ± 1.0) K with a spectral index of 1.62 ± 0.11 (assuming a single modified blackbody), and a significant amount of free-free emission at intermediate frequencies of 20-60 GHz, which corresponds to a star formation rate of around 0.12 M⊙ yr-1. We find a 2.3σ detection of the presence of spinning dust emission, with a 30 GHz amplitude of 0.7 ± 0.3 Jy, which is in line with expectations from our Galaxy.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | A28 |
| Journal | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| Volume | 582 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Oct 1 2015 |
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science
Keywords
- Galaxies: ISM
- Galaxies: individual: Messier 31
- Galaxies: structure
- Radio continuum: galaxies
- Submillimeter: galaxies
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Planck intermediate results : XXV. the Andromeda galaxy as seen by Planck. / Ade, P. A.R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M.; Ashdown, M.; Aumont, J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Banday, A. J.; Barreiro, R. B.; Bartolo, N.; Battaner, E.; Battye, R.; Benabed, K.; Bendo, G. J.; Benoit-Lévy, A.; Bernard, J. P.; Bersanelli, M.; Bielewicz, P.; Bonaldi, A.; Bonavera, L.; Bond, J. R.; Borrill, J.; Bouchet, F. R.; Burigana, C.; Butler, R. C.; Calabrese, E.; Cardoso, J. F.; Catalano, A.; Chamballu, A.; Chary, R. R.; Chen, X.; Chiang, H. C.; Christensen, P. R.; Clements, D. L.; Colombo, L. P.L.; Combet, C.; Couchot, F.; Coulais, A.; Crill, B. P.; Curto, A.; Cuttaia, F.; Danese, L.; Davies, R. D.; Davis, R. J.; De Bernardis, P.; De Rosa, A.; De Zotti, G.; Delabrouille, J.; Dickinson, C.; Diego, J. M.; Dole, H.; Donzelli, S.; Doré, O.; Douspis, M.; Ducout, A.; Dupac, X.; Efstathiou, G.; Elsner, F.; Enßlin, T. A.; Eriksen, H. K.; Finelli, F.; Forni, O.; Frailis, M.; Fraisse, A. A.; Franceschi, E.; Frejsel, A.; Galeotta, S.; Ganga, K.; Giard, M.; Giraud-Héraud, Y.; Gjerløw, E.; González-Nuevo, J.; Górski, K. M.; Gregorio, A.; Gruppuso, A.; Hansen, F. K.; Hanson, D.; Harrison, D. L.; Henrot-Versillé, S.; Hernández-Monteagudo, C.; Herranz, D.; Hildebrandt, S. R.; Hivon, E.; Hobson, M.; Holmes, W. A.; Hornstrup, A.; Hovest, W.; Huffenberger, K. M.; Hurier, G.; Israel, F. P.; Jaffe, A. H.; Jaffe, T. R.; Jones, W. C.; Juvela, M.; Keihänen, E.; Keskitalo, R.; Kisner, T. S.; Kneissl, R.; Knoche, J.; Kunz, M.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Lagache, G.; Lähteenmäki, A.; Lamarre, J. M.; Lasenby, A.; Lattanzi, M.; Lawrence, C. R.; Leonardi, R.; Levrier, F.; Liguori, M.; Lilje, P. B.; Linden-Vørnle, M.; López-Caniego, M.; Lubin, P. M.; Macías-Pérez, J. F.; Madden, S.; Maffei, B.; Maino, D.; Mandolesi, N.; Maris, M.; Martin, P. G.; Martínez-González, E.; Masi, S.; Matarrese, S.; Mazzotta, P.; Mendes, L.; Mennella, A.; Migliaccio, M.; Miville-Deschênes, M. A.; Moneti, A.; Montier, L.; Morgante, G.; Mortlock, D.; Munshi, D.; Murphy, J. A.; Naselsky, P.; Nati, F.; Natoli, P.; Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U.; Noviello, F.; Novikov, D.; Novikov, I.; Oxborrow, C. A.; Pagano, L.; Pajot, F.; Paladini, R.; Paoletti, D.; Partridge, B.; Pasian, F.; Pearson, T. J.; Peel, M.; Perdereau, O.; Perrotta, F.; Pettorino, V.; Piacentini, F.; Piat, M.; Pierpaoli, E.; Pietrobon, D.; Plaszczynski, S.; Pointecouteau, E.; Polenta, G.; Popa, L.; Pratt, G. W.; Prunet, S.; Puget, J. L.; Rachen, J. P.; Reinecke, M.; Remazeilles, M.; Renault, C.; Ricciardi, S.; Ristorcelli, I.; Rocha, G.; Rosset, C.; Rossetti, M.; Roudier, G.; Rubiño-Martín, J. A.; Rusholme, B.; Sandri, M.; Savini, G.; Scott, D.; Spencer, L. D.; Stolyarov, V.; Sudiwala, R.; Sutton, D.; Suur-Uski, A. S.; Sygnet, J. F.; Tauber, J. A.; Terenzi, L.; Toffolatti, L.; Tomasi, M.; Tristram, M.; Tucci, M.; Umana, G.; Valenziano, L.; Valiviita, J.; Van Tent, B.; Vielva, P.; Villa, F.; Wade, L. A.; Wandelt, B. D.; Watson, R.; Wehus, I. K.; Yvon, D.; Zacchei, A.; Zonca, A.
In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 582, A28, 01.10.2015.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Planck intermediate results
T2 - XXV. the Andromeda galaxy as seen by Planck
AU - Ade, P. A.R.
AU - Aghanim, N.
AU - Arnaud, M.
AU - Ashdown, M.
AU - Aumont, J.
AU - Baccigalupi, C.
AU - Banday, A. J.
AU - Barreiro, R. B.
AU - Bartolo, N.
AU - Battaner, E.
AU - Battye, R.
AU - Benabed, K.
AU - Bendo, G. J.
AU - Benoit-Lévy, A.
AU - Bernard, J. P.
AU - Bersanelli, M.
AU - Bielewicz, P.
AU - Bonaldi, A.
AU - Bonavera, L.
AU - Bond, J. R.
AU - Borrill, J.
AU - Bouchet, F. R.
AU - Burigana, C.
AU - Butler, R. C.
AU - Calabrese, E.
AU - Cardoso, J. F.
AU - Catalano, A.
AU - Chamballu, A.
AU - Chary, R. R.
AU - Chen, X.
AU - Chiang, H. C.
AU - Christensen, P. R.
AU - Clements, D. L.
AU - Colombo, L. P.L.
AU - Combet, C.
AU - Couchot, F.
AU - Coulais, A.
AU - Crill, B. P.
AU - Curto, A.
AU - Cuttaia, F.
AU - Danese, L.
AU - Davies, R. D.
AU - Davis, R. J.
AU - De Bernardis, P.
AU - De Rosa, A.
AU - De Zotti, G.
AU - Delabrouille, J.
AU - Dickinson, C.
AU - Diego, J. M.
AU - Dole, H.
AU - Donzelli, S.
AU - Doré, O.
AU - Douspis, M.
AU - Ducout, A.
AU - Dupac, X.
AU - Efstathiou, G.
AU - Elsner, F.
AU - Enßlin, T. A.
AU - Eriksen, H. K.
AU - Finelli, F.
AU - Forni, O.
AU - Frailis, M.
AU - Fraisse, A. A.
AU - Franceschi, E.
AU - Frejsel, A.
AU - Galeotta, S.
AU - Ganga, K.
AU - Giard, M.
AU - Giraud-Héraud, Y.
AU - Gjerløw, E.
AU - González-Nuevo, J.
AU - Górski, K. M.
AU - Gregorio, A.
AU - Gruppuso, A.
AU - Hansen, F. K.
AU - Hanson, D.
AU - Harrison, D. L.
AU - Henrot-Versillé, S.
AU - Hernández-Monteagudo, C.
AU - Herranz, D.
AU - Hildebrandt, S. R.
AU - Hivon, E.
AU - Hobson, M.
AU - Holmes, W. A.
AU - Hornstrup, A.
AU - Hovest, W.
AU - Huffenberger, K. M.
AU - Hurier, G.
AU - Israel, F. P.
AU - Jaffe, A. H.
AU - Jaffe, T. R.
AU - Jones, W. C.
AU - Juvela, M.
AU - Keihänen, E.
AU - Keskitalo, R.
AU - Kisner, T. S.
AU - Kneissl, R.
AU - Knoche, J.
AU - Kunz, M.
AU - Kurki-Suonio, H.
AU - Lagache, G.
AU - Lähteenmäki, A.
AU - Lamarre, J. M.
AU - Lasenby, A.
AU - Lattanzi, M.
AU - Lawrence, C. R.
AU - Leonardi, R.
AU - Levrier, F.
AU - Liguori, M.
AU - Lilje, P. B.
AU - Linden-Vørnle, M.
AU - López-Caniego, M.
AU - Lubin, P. M.
AU - Macías-Pérez, J. F.
AU - Madden, S.
AU - Maffei, B.
AU - Maino, D.
AU - Mandolesi, N.
AU - Maris, M.
AU - Martin, P. G.
AU - Martínez-González, E.
AU - Masi, S.
AU - Matarrese, S.
AU - Mazzotta, P.
AU - Mendes, L.
AU - Mennella, A.
AU - Migliaccio, M.
AU - Miville-Deschênes, M. A.
AU - Moneti, A.
AU - Montier, L.
AU - Morgante, G.
AU - Mortlock, D.
AU - Munshi, D.
AU - Murphy, J. A.
AU - Naselsky, P.
AU - Nati, F.
AU - Natoli, P.
AU - Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U.
AU - Noviello, F.
AU - Novikov, D.
AU - Novikov, I.
AU - Oxborrow, C. A.
AU - Pagano, L.
AU - Pajot, F.
AU - Paladini, R.
AU - Paoletti, D.
AU - Partridge, B.
AU - Pasian, F.
AU - Pearson, T. J.
AU - Peel, M.
AU - Perdereau, O.
AU - Perrotta, F.
AU - Pettorino, V.
AU - Piacentini, F.
AU - Piat, M.
AU - Pierpaoli, E.
AU - Pietrobon, D.
AU - Plaszczynski, S.
AU - Pointecouteau, E.
AU - Polenta, G.
AU - Popa, L.
AU - Pratt, G. W.
AU - Prunet, S.
AU - Puget, J. L.
AU - Rachen, J. P.
AU - Reinecke, M.
AU - Remazeilles, M.
AU - Renault, C.
AU - Ricciardi, S.
AU - Ristorcelli, I.
AU - Rocha, G.
AU - Rosset, C.
AU - Rossetti, M.
AU - Roudier, G.
AU - Rubiño-Martín, J. A.
AU - Rusholme, B.
AU - Sandri, M.
AU - Savini, G.
AU - Scott, D.
AU - Spencer, L. D.
AU - Stolyarov, V.
AU - Sudiwala, R.
AU - Sutton, D.
AU - Suur-Uski, A. S.
AU - Sygnet, J. F.
AU - Tauber, J. A.
AU - Terenzi, L.
AU - Toffolatti, L.
AU - Tomasi, M.
AU - Tristram, M.
AU - Tucci, M.
AU - Umana, G.
AU - Valenziano, L.
AU - Valiviita, J.
AU - Van Tent, B.
AU - Vielva, P.
AU - Villa, F.
AU - Wade, L. A.
AU - Wandelt, B. D.
AU - Watson, R.
AU - Wehus, I. K.
AU - Yvon, D.
AU - Zacchei, A.
AU - Zonca, A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © ESO 2015. Copyright: Copyright 2015 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2015/10/1
Y1 - 2015/10/1
N2 - The Andromeda galaxy (M 31) is one of a few galaxies that has sufficient angular size on the sky to be resolved by the Planck satellite. Planck has detected M 31 in all of its frequency bands, and has mapped out the dust emission with the High Frequency Instrument, clearly resolving multiple spiralarms and sub-features. We examine the morphology of this long-wavelength dust emission as seen by Planck, including a study of its outermost spiral arms, and investigate the dust heating mechanism across M 31. We find that dust dominating the longer wavelength emission (≥ 0.3 mm) is heated by the diffuse stellar population (as traced by 3.6 μm emission), with the dust dominating the shorter wavelength emission heated by a mix of the old stellar population and star-forming regions (as traced by 24 μm emission). We also fit spectral energy distributions for individual 5′ pixels and quantify the dust properties across the galaxy, taking into account these different heating mechanisms, finding that there is a linear decrease in temperature with galactocentric distance for dust heated by the old stellar population, as would be expected, with temperatures ranging from around 22 K in the nucleus to 14 K outside of the 10 kpc ring. Finally, we measure the integrated spectrum of the whole galaxy, which we find to be well-fitted with a global dust temperature of (18.2 ± 1.0) K with a spectral index of 1.62 ± 0.11 (assuming a single modified blackbody), and a significant amount of free-free emission at intermediate frequencies of 20-60 GHz, which corresponds to a star formation rate of around 0.12 M⊙ yr-1. We find a 2.3σ detection of the presence of spinning dust emission, with a 30 GHz amplitude of 0.7 ± 0.3 Jy, which is in line with expectations from our Galaxy.
AB - The Andromeda galaxy (M 31) is one of a few galaxies that has sufficient angular size on the sky to be resolved by the Planck satellite. Planck has detected M 31 in all of its frequency bands, and has mapped out the dust emission with the High Frequency Instrument, clearly resolving multiple spiralarms and sub-features. We examine the morphology of this long-wavelength dust emission as seen by Planck, including a study of its outermost spiral arms, and investigate the dust heating mechanism across M 31. We find that dust dominating the longer wavelength emission (≥ 0.3 mm) is heated by the diffuse stellar population (as traced by 3.6 μm emission), with the dust dominating the shorter wavelength emission heated by a mix of the old stellar population and star-forming regions (as traced by 24 μm emission). We also fit spectral energy distributions for individual 5′ pixels and quantify the dust properties across the galaxy, taking into account these different heating mechanisms, finding that there is a linear decrease in temperature with galactocentric distance for dust heated by the old stellar population, as would be expected, with temperatures ranging from around 22 K in the nucleus to 14 K outside of the 10 kpc ring. Finally, we measure the integrated spectrum of the whole galaxy, which we find to be well-fitted with a global dust temperature of (18.2 ± 1.0) K with a spectral index of 1.62 ± 0.11 (assuming a single modified blackbody), and a significant amount of free-free emission at intermediate frequencies of 20-60 GHz, which corresponds to a star formation rate of around 0.12 M⊙ yr-1. We find a 2.3σ detection of the presence of spinning dust emission, with a 30 GHz amplitude of 0.7 ± 0.3 Jy, which is in line with expectations from our Galaxy.
KW - Galaxies: ISM
KW - Galaxies: individual: Messier 31
KW - Galaxies: structure
KW - Radio continuum: galaxies
KW - Submillimeter: galaxies
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84943162994&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84943162994&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/201424643
DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/201424643
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84943162994
VL - 582
JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics
JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics
SN - 0004-6361
M1 - A28
ER -