Photodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148: Accurate transit-timing variations and mutual orbital inclination

J. M. Almenara; G. Hébrard; R. F. Díaz; J. Laskar; A. C.M. Correia; D. R. Anderson; I. Boisse; X. Bonfils; D. J.A. Brown; V. Casanova; A. Collier Cameron; M. Fernández; J. M. Jenkins; F. Kiefer; A. Lecavelier Des Etangs; J. J. Lissauer; G. MacIejewski; J. McCormac; H. Osborn; D. Pollacco; G. Ricker; J. Sánchez; S. Seager; S. Udry; D. Verilhac; J. Winn

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142964

Photodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148: Accurate transit-timing variations and mutual orbital inclination

J. M. Almenara, G. Hébrard, R. F. Díaz, J. Laskar, A. C.M. Correia, D. R. Anderson, I. Boisse, X. Bonfils, D. J.A. Brown, V. Casanova, A. Collier Cameron, M. Fernández, J. M. Jenkins, F. Kiefer, A. Lecavelier Des Etangs, J. J. Lissauer, G. MacIejewski, J. McCormac, H. Osborn, D. PollaccoG. Ricker, J. Sánchez, S. Seager, S. Udry, D. Verilhac, J. Winn

Astrophysical Sciences

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Abstract

WASP-148 is a recently announced extra-solar system harbouring at least two giant planets. The inner planet transits its host star. The planets travel on eccentric orbits and are near the 4:1 mean-motion resonance, which implies significant mutual gravitational interactions. In particular, this causes transit-timing variations of a few minutes, which were detected based on ground-based photometry. This made WASP-148 one of the few cases where such a phenomenon was detected without space-based photometry. Here, we present a self-consistent model of WASP-148 that takes into account the gravitational interactions between all known bodies in the system. Our analysis simultaneously fits the available radial velocities and transit light curves. In particular, we used the photometry secured by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and made public after the WASP-148 discovery announcement. The TESS data confirm the transit-timing variations, but only in combination with previously measured transit times. The system parameters we derived agree with those previously reported and have a significantly improved precision, including the mass of the non-transiting planet. We found a significant mutual inclination between the orbital planes of the two planets: I = 41.0+6.2 -7.6 based on the modelling of the observations, although we found I = 20.8 ± 4.6 when we imposed a constraint on the model enforcing long-term dynamical stability. When a third planet was added to the model - based on a candidate signal in the radial velocity - the mutual inclination between planets b and c changed significantly allowing solutions closer to coplanar. We conclude that more data are needed to establish the true architecture of the system. If the significant mutual inclination is confirmed, WASP-148 would become one of the only few candidate non-coplanar planetary systems. We discuss possible origins for this misalignment.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	A134
Journal	Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume	663
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142964
State	Published - Jul 1 2022

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

Keywords

Planetary systems
Stars: individual: WASP-148
Techniques: photometric
Techniques: radial velocities

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10.1051/0004-6361/202142964

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Almenara, J. M., Hébrard, G., Díaz, R. F., Laskar, J., Correia, A. C. M., Anderson, D. R., Boisse, I., Bonfils, X., Brown, D. J. A., Casanova, V., Collier Cameron, A., Fernández, M., Jenkins, J. M., Kiefer, F., Lecavelier Des Etangs, A., Lissauer, J. J., MacIejewski, G., McCormac, J., Osborn, H., ... Winn, J. (2022). Photodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148: Accurate transit-timing variations and mutual orbital inclination. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 663, Article A134. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142964

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title = "Photodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148: Accurate transit-timing variations and mutual orbital inclination",

abstract = "WASP-148 is a recently announced extra-solar system harbouring at least two giant planets. The inner planet transits its host star. The planets travel on eccentric orbits and are near the 4:1 mean-motion resonance, which implies significant mutual gravitational interactions. In particular, this causes transit-timing variations of a few minutes, which were detected based on ground-based photometry. This made WASP-148 one of the few cases where such a phenomenon was detected without space-based photometry. Here, we present a self-consistent model of WASP-148 that takes into account the gravitational interactions between all known bodies in the system. Our analysis simultaneously fits the available radial velocities and transit light curves. In particular, we used the photometry secured by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and made public after the WASP-148 discovery announcement. The TESS data confirm the transit-timing variations, but only in combination with previously measured transit times. The system parameters we derived agree with those previously reported and have a significantly improved precision, including the mass of the non-transiting planet. We found a significant mutual inclination between the orbital planes of the two planets: I = 41.0+6.2 -7.6 based on the modelling of the observations, although we found I = 20.8 ± 4.6 when we imposed a constraint on the model enforcing long-term dynamical stability. When a third planet was added to the model - based on a candidate signal in the radial velocity - the mutual inclination between planets b and c changed significantly allowing solutions closer to coplanar. We conclude that more data are needed to establish the true architecture of the system. If the significant mutual inclination is confirmed, WASP-148 would become one of the only few candidate non-coplanar planetary systems. We discuss possible origins for this misalignment.",

keywords = "Planetary systems, Stars: individual: WASP-148, Techniques: photometric, Techniques: radial velocities",

author = "Almenara, {J. M.} and G. H{\'e}brard and D{\'i}az, {R. F.} and J. Laskar and Correia, {A. C.M.} and Anderson, {D. R.} and I. Boisse and X. Bonfils and Brown, {D. J.A.} and V. Casanova and {Collier Cameron}, A. and M. Fern{\'a}ndez and Jenkins, {J. M.} and F. Kiefer and {Lecavelier Des Etangs}, A. and Lissauer, {J. J.} and G. MacIejewski and J. McCormac and H. Osborn and D. Pollacco and G. Ricker and J. S{\'a}nchez and S. Seager and S. Udry and D. Verilhac and J. Winn",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 J. M. Almenara et al.",

year = "2022",

month = jul,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202142964",

language = "English (US)",

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journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

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Almenara, JM, Hébrard, G, Díaz, RF, Laskar, J, Correia, ACM, Anderson, DR, Boisse, I, Bonfils, X, Brown, DJA, Casanova, V, Collier Cameron, A, Fernández, M, Jenkins, JM, Kiefer, F, Lecavelier Des Etangs, A, Lissauer, JJ, MacIejewski, G, McCormac, J, Osborn, H, Pollacco, D, Ricker, G, Sánchez, J, Seager, S, Udry, S, Verilhac, D & Winn, J 2022, 'Photodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148: Accurate transit-timing variations and mutual orbital inclination', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 663, A134. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142964

TY - JOUR

T1 - Photodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148

T2 - Accurate transit-timing variations and mutual orbital inclination

AU - Almenara, J. M.

AU - Hébrard, G.

AU - Díaz, R. F.

AU - Laskar, J.

AU - Correia, A. C.M.

AU - Anderson, D. R.

AU - Boisse, I.

AU - Bonfils, X.

AU - Brown, D. J.A.

AU - Casanova, V.

AU - Collier Cameron, A.

AU - Fernández, M.

AU - Jenkins, J. M.

AU - Kiefer, F.

AU - Lecavelier Des Etangs, A.

AU - Lissauer, J. J.

AU - MacIejewski, G.

AU - McCormac, J.

AU - Osborn, H.

AU - Pollacco, D.

AU - Ricker, G.

AU - Sánchez, J.

AU - Seager, S.

AU - Udry, S.

AU - Verilhac, D.

AU - Winn, J.

PY - 2022/7/1

Y1 - 2022/7/1

N2 - WASP-148 is a recently announced extra-solar system harbouring at least two giant planets. The inner planet transits its host star. The planets travel on eccentric orbits and are near the 4:1 mean-motion resonance, which implies significant mutual gravitational interactions. In particular, this causes transit-timing variations of a few minutes, which were detected based on ground-based photometry. This made WASP-148 one of the few cases where such a phenomenon was detected without space-based photometry. Here, we present a self-consistent model of WASP-148 that takes into account the gravitational interactions between all known bodies in the system. Our analysis simultaneously fits the available radial velocities and transit light curves. In particular, we used the photometry secured by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and made public after the WASP-148 discovery announcement. The TESS data confirm the transit-timing variations, but only in combination with previously measured transit times. The system parameters we derived agree with those previously reported and have a significantly improved precision, including the mass of the non-transiting planet. We found a significant mutual inclination between the orbital planes of the two planets: I = 41.0+6.2 -7.6 based on the modelling of the observations, although we found I = 20.8 ± 4.6 when we imposed a constraint on the model enforcing long-term dynamical stability. When a third planet was added to the model - based on a candidate signal in the radial velocity - the mutual inclination between planets b and c changed significantly allowing solutions closer to coplanar. We conclude that more data are needed to establish the true architecture of the system. If the significant mutual inclination is confirmed, WASP-148 would become one of the only few candidate non-coplanar planetary systems. We discuss possible origins for this misalignment.

AB - WASP-148 is a recently announced extra-solar system harbouring at least two giant planets. The inner planet transits its host star. The planets travel on eccentric orbits and are near the 4:1 mean-motion resonance, which implies significant mutual gravitational interactions. In particular, this causes transit-timing variations of a few minutes, which were detected based on ground-based photometry. This made WASP-148 one of the few cases where such a phenomenon was detected without space-based photometry. Here, we present a self-consistent model of WASP-148 that takes into account the gravitational interactions between all known bodies in the system. Our analysis simultaneously fits the available radial velocities and transit light curves. In particular, we used the photometry secured by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and made public after the WASP-148 discovery announcement. The TESS data confirm the transit-timing variations, but only in combination with previously measured transit times. The system parameters we derived agree with those previously reported and have a significantly improved precision, including the mass of the non-transiting planet. We found a significant mutual inclination between the orbital planes of the two planets: I = 41.0+6.2 -7.6 based on the modelling of the observations, although we found I = 20.8 ± 4.6 when we imposed a constraint on the model enforcing long-term dynamical stability. When a third planet was added to the model - based on a candidate signal in the radial velocity - the mutual inclination between planets b and c changed significantly allowing solutions closer to coplanar. We conclude that more data are needed to establish the true architecture of the system. If the significant mutual inclination is confirmed, WASP-148 would become one of the only few candidate non-coplanar planetary systems. We discuss possible origins for this misalignment.

KW - Planetary systems

KW - Stars: individual: WASP-148

KW - Techniques: photometric

KW - Techniques: radial velocities

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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85135016857&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202142964

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202142964

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85135016857

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 663

JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics

M1 - A134

ER -

Photodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148: Accurate transit-timing variations and mutual orbital inclination

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