Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz

V. Ankel; C. Bartram; J. Begin; C. Bell; L. Brouwer; S. Chaudhuri; John Clarke; H. M. Cho; J. Corbin; W. Craddock; S. Cuadra; A. Droster; M. Durkin; J. Echevers; J. T. Fry; G. Hilton; K. D. Irwin; A. Keller; R. Kolevatov; A. Kunder; D. Li; N. Otto; K. M.W. Pappas; N. M. Rapidis; C. P. Salemi; D. Schmidt; M. Simanovskaia; J. Singh; P. Stark; C. D. Tesche; J. Ullom; L. Vale; E. C. van Assendelft; K. van Bibber; M. Vissers; K. Wells; J. Wiedemann; L. Winslow; D. Wright; A. K. Yi; B. A. Young

doi:10.1063/5.0280831

Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz

V. Ankel
, C. Bartram
, J. Begin
, C. Bell
, L. Brouwer
, S. Chaudhuri
, John Clarke
, H. M. Cho
, J. Corbin
, W. Craddock
, S. Cuadra
, A. Droster
, M. Durkin
, J. Echevers
, J. T. Fry
, G. Hilton
, K. D. Irwin
, A. Keller
, R. Kolevatov
, A. Kunder

D. Li, N. Otto, K. M.W. Pappas, N. M. Rapidis, C. P. Salemi, D. Schmidt, M. Simanovskaia, J. Singh, P. Stark, C. D. Tesche, J. Ullom, L. Vale, E. C. van Assendelft, K. van Bibber, M. Vissers, K. Wells, J. Wiedemann, L. Winslow, D. Wright, A. K. Yi, B. A. Young

Physics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high- Q resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche-Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high- Q resonator over this frequency range and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction-imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m 3 axion search, which uses dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	094505
Journal	Journal of Applied Physics
Volume	138
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0280831
State	Published - Sep 7 2025

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Condensed Matter Physics
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)
General Physics and Astronomy

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10.1063/5.0280831

Cite this

Ankel, V., Bartram, C., Begin, J., Bell, C., Brouwer, L., Chaudhuri, S., Clarke, J., Cho, H. M., Corbin, J., Craddock, W., Cuadra, S., Droster, A., Durkin, M., Echevers, J., Fry, J. T., Hilton, G., Irwin, K. D., Keller, A., Kolevatov, R., ... Young, B. A. (2025). Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz. Journal of Applied Physics, 138(9), Article 094505. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0280831

@article{c5abc7d204704fc2bc232c8c574f94d5,

title = "Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz",

abstract = "We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high- Q resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche-Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high- Q resonator over this frequency range and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction-imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m 3 axion search, which uses dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.",

author = "V. Ankel and C. Bartram and J. Begin and C. Bell and L. Brouwer and S. Chaudhuri and John Clarke and Cho, \{H. M.\} and J. Corbin and W. Craddock and S. Cuadra and A. Droster and M. Durkin and J. Echevers and Fry, \{J. T.\} and G. Hilton and Irwin, \{K. D.\} and A. Keller and R. Kolevatov and A. Kunder and D. Li and N. Otto and Pappas, \{K. M.W.\} and Rapidis, \{N. M.\} and Salemi, \{C. P.\} and D. Schmidt and M. Simanovskaia and J. Singh and P. Stark and Tesche, \{C. D.\} and J. Ullom and L. Vale and \{van Assendelft\}, \{E. C.\} and \{van Bibber\}, K. and M. Vissers and K. Wells and J. Wiedemann and L. Winslow and D. Wright and Yi, \{A. K.\} and Young, \{B. A.\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 Author(s).",

year = "2025",

month = sep,

day = "7",

doi = "10.1063/5.0280831",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "138",

journal = "Journal of Applied Physics",

issn = "0021-8979",

publisher = "American Institute of Physics",

number = "9",

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Ankel, V, Bartram, C, Begin, J, Bell, C, Brouwer, L, Chaudhuri, S, Clarke, J, Cho, HM, Corbin, J, Craddock, W, Cuadra, S, Droster, A, Durkin, M, Echevers, J, Fry, JT, Hilton, G, Irwin, KD, Keller, A, Kolevatov, R, Kunder, A, Li, D, Otto, N, Pappas, KMW, Rapidis, NM, Salemi, CP, Schmidt, D, Simanovskaia, M, Singh, J, Stark, P, Tesche, CD, Ullom, J, Vale, L, van Assendelft, EC, van Bibber, K, Vissers, M, Wells, K, Wiedemann, J, Winslow, L, Wright, D, Yi, AK & Young, BA 2025, 'Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 138, no. 9, 094505. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0280831

TY - JOUR

T1 - Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz

AU - Ankel, V.

AU - Bartram, C.

AU - Begin, J.

AU - Bell, C.

AU - Brouwer, L.

AU - Chaudhuri, S.

AU - Clarke, John

AU - Cho, H. M.

AU - Corbin, J.

AU - Craddock, W.

AU - Cuadra, S.

AU - Droster, A.

AU - Durkin, M.

AU - Echevers, J.

AU - Fry, J. T.

AU - Hilton, G.

AU - Irwin, K. D.

AU - Keller, A.

AU - Kolevatov, R.

AU - Kunder, A.

AU - Li, D.

AU - Otto, N.

AU - Pappas, K. M.W.

AU - Rapidis, N. M.

AU - Salemi, C. P.

AU - Schmidt, D.

AU - Simanovskaia, M.

AU - Singh, J.

AU - Stark, P.

AU - Tesche, C. D.

AU - Ullom, J.

AU - Vale, L.

AU - van Assendelft, E. C.

AU - van Bibber, K.

AU - Vissers, M.

AU - Wells, K.

AU - Wiedemann, J.

AU - Winslow, L.

AU - Wright, D.

AU - Yi, A. K.

AU - Young, B. A.

PY - 2025/9/7

Y1 - 2025/9/7

N2 - We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high- Q resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche-Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high- Q resonator over this frequency range and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction-imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m 3 axion search, which uses dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.

AB - We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high- Q resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche-Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high- Q resonator over this frequency range and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction-imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m 3 axion search, which uses dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105015137727

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105015137727#tab=citedBy

U2 - 10.1063/5.0280831

DO - 10.1063/5.0280831

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105015137727

SN - 0021-8979

VL - 138

JO - Journal of Applied Physics

JF - Journal of Applied Physics

IS - 9

M1 - 094505

ER -

Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz

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