Mitigation of plasma-wall interactions with low-Z powders in DIII-D high confinement plasmas

Experiments with low-Z powder injection in DIII-D high confinement discharges demonstrated increased divertor dissipation and detachment while maintaining good core energy confinement. Lithium (Li), boron (B), and boron nitride (BN) powders were injected in H-mode plasmas (I _p = 1 MA, B _t = 2 T, P _NB = 6 MW, ⟨n _e⟩ = 3.6-5.0 ⋅ 10¹⁹ m⁻³) into the upper small-angle slot divertor for 2 s intervals at constant rates of 3-204 mg s⁻¹. The multi-species BN powders at a rate of 54 mg s⁻¹ showed the most substantial increase in divertor neutral compression by more than an order of magnitude and lasting detachment with minor degradation of the stored magnetic energy W _mhd by 5%. Rates of 204 mg s⁻¹ of boron nitride powder further reduce edge localized mode-fluxes on the divertor but also cause a drop in confinement performance by 24% due to the onset of an n = 2 tearing mode. The application of powders also showed a substantial improvement of wall conditions manifesting in reduced wall fueling source and intrinsic carbon and oxygen content in response to the cumulative injection of non-recycling materials. The results suggest that low-Z powder injection, including mixed element compounds, is a promising new core-edge compatible technique that simultaneously enables divertor detachment and improves wall conditions during high confinement operation.