TY - JOUR
T1 - Mechanistic model for the coexistence of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis in marine Trichodesmium
AU - Inomura, Keisuke
AU - Wilson, Samuel T.
AU - Deutsch, Curtis
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the Simons Foundation (Life Sciences-Simons Postdoctoral Fellowships in Marine Microbial Ecology, award 544338, K.I.), the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE; grant 329108 to David M. Karl), National Science Foundation (OCE-1756524 to S.T.W.), and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF grant 3775, C.D.).
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2019 Inomura et al.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - The cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is an important contributor of new nitrogen (N) to the surface ocean, but its strategies for protecting the nitrogenase enzyme from inhibition by oxygen (O2) remain poorly understood. We present a dynamic physiological model to evaluate hypothesized conditions that would allow Trichodesmium to carry out its two conflicting metabolic processes of N2 fixation and photosynthesis. First, the model indicates that managing cellular O2 to permit N2 fixation requires high rates of respiratory O2 consumption. The energetic cost amounts to ~80% of daily C fixation, comparable to the observed diminution of the growth rate of Trichodesmium relative to other phytoplankton. Second, by forming a trichome of connected cells, Trichodesmium can segregate N2 fixation from photosynthesis. The transfer of stored C to N-fixing cells fuels the respiratory O2 consumption that protects nitrogenase, while the reciprocal transfer of newly fixed N to C-fixing cells supports cellular growth. Third, despite Trichodesmium lacking the structural barrier found in heterocystous species, the model predicts low diffusivity of cell membranes, a function that may be explained by the presence of Gramnegative membrane, production of extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS), and "buffer cells" that intervene between N2-fixing and photosynthetic cells. Our results suggest that all three factors - respiratory protection, trichome formation, and diffusion barriers - represent essential strategies that, despite their energetic costs, facilitate the growth of Trichodesmium in the oligotrophic aerobic ocean and permit it to be a major source of new reactive nitrogen. IMPORTANCE Trichodesmium is a major nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium and exerts a significant influence on the oceanic nitrogen cycle. It is also a widely used model organism in laboratory studies. Since the nitrogen-fixing enzyme nitrogenase is extremely sensitive to oxygen, how these surface-dwelling plankton manage the two conflicting processes of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis has been a longstanding question. In this study, we developed a simple model of metabolic fluxes of Trichodesmium capturing observed daily cycles of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and boundary layer oxygen concentrations. The model suggests that forming a chain of cells for spatially segregating nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis is essential but not sufficient. It also requires a barrier against oxygen diffusion and high rates of oxygen scavenging by respiration. Finally, the model indicates that the life span of intracellular oxygen is extremely short, thus enabling cells to instantly create a low-oxygen environment upon deactivation of photosynthesis.
AB - The cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is an important contributor of new nitrogen (N) to the surface ocean, but its strategies for protecting the nitrogenase enzyme from inhibition by oxygen (O2) remain poorly understood. We present a dynamic physiological model to evaluate hypothesized conditions that would allow Trichodesmium to carry out its two conflicting metabolic processes of N2 fixation and photosynthesis. First, the model indicates that managing cellular O2 to permit N2 fixation requires high rates of respiratory O2 consumption. The energetic cost amounts to ~80% of daily C fixation, comparable to the observed diminution of the growth rate of Trichodesmium relative to other phytoplankton. Second, by forming a trichome of connected cells, Trichodesmium can segregate N2 fixation from photosynthesis. The transfer of stored C to N-fixing cells fuels the respiratory O2 consumption that protects nitrogenase, while the reciprocal transfer of newly fixed N to C-fixing cells supports cellular growth. Third, despite Trichodesmium lacking the structural barrier found in heterocystous species, the model predicts low diffusivity of cell membranes, a function that may be explained by the presence of Gramnegative membrane, production of extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS), and "buffer cells" that intervene between N2-fixing and photosynthetic cells. Our results suggest that all three factors - respiratory protection, trichome formation, and diffusion barriers - represent essential strategies that, despite their energetic costs, facilitate the growth of Trichodesmium in the oligotrophic aerobic ocean and permit it to be a major source of new reactive nitrogen. IMPORTANCE Trichodesmium is a major nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium and exerts a significant influence on the oceanic nitrogen cycle. It is also a widely used model organism in laboratory studies. Since the nitrogen-fixing enzyme nitrogenase is extremely sensitive to oxygen, how these surface-dwelling plankton manage the two conflicting processes of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis has been a longstanding question. In this study, we developed a simple model of metabolic fluxes of Trichodesmium capturing observed daily cycles of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and boundary layer oxygen concentrations. The model suggests that forming a chain of cells for spatially segregating nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis is essential but not sufficient. It also requires a barrier against oxygen diffusion and high rates of oxygen scavenging by respiration. Finally, the model indicates that the life span of intracellular oxygen is extremely short, thus enabling cells to instantly create a low-oxygen environment upon deactivation of photosynthesis.
KW - Carbon
KW - Nitrogen
KW - Nitrogen fixation
KW - Nitrogenase
KW - Oxygen
KW - Oxygen barrier
KW - Photosynthesis
KW - Respiration
KW - Respiratory protection
KW - Trichodesmium
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U2 - 10.1128/mSystems.00210-19
DO - 10.1128/mSystems.00210-19
M3 - Article
C2 - 31387928
AN - SCOPUS:85070971308
SN - 2379-5077
VL - 4
JO - mSystems
JF - mSystems
IS - 4
M1 - e00210-19
ER -