Measurements and simulations of low-wavenumber pedestal turbulence in the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Previous pedestal turbulence measurements in the National Spherical Torus Experiment assessed the spatial and temporal properties of turbulence in the steep gradient region of H-mode pedestals during edge localized mode (ELM)-free, MHD-quiescent periods. Here, we extend the analysis to fluctuation amplitudes and compare observations to pedestal turbulence simulations. Measurements indicate normalized fluctuation amplitudes are about 1-5% in the steep gradient region. Regression analysis indicates fluctuation amplitudes scale positively with electron density gradient, collisionality, and poloidal beta, and scale negatively with magnetic shear, electron density, ion temperature gradient (ITG), toroidal flow and radial electric field. The scalings are most consistent with trapped electron mode, kinetic ballooning mode, or microtearing instabilities, but, notably, least consistent with ITG turbulence. Gyrokinetic simulations of pedestal turbulence with realistic pedestal profiles show collisional instabilities with growth rates that increase at higher density gradient and decrease at higher ITG, in qualitative agreement with observed scalings. Finally, Braginskii fluid simulations of pedestal turbulence do not reproduce scalings from measurements and gyrokinetic simulations, and suggest electron dynamics can be a critical factor for accurate pedestal turbulence simulations.