@article{82d745a9dab94e39a38e6a3a72a2a130,
title = "Managing fear and anxiety in development: A framework for understanding the neurodevelopment of emotion regulation capacity and tendency",
abstract = "How we manage emotional responses to environmental threats is central to mental health, as difficulties regulating threat-related distress can blossom into symptoms of anxiety disorders. Given that anxiety disorders emerge early in the lifespan, it is crucial we understand the multi-level processes that support effective regulation of distress. Scholars have given increased attention to behavioral and neural development of emotion regulation abilities, particularly cognitive reappraisal capacity (i.e., how strongly one can down-regulate negative affect by reinterpreting a situation to change one's emotions). However, this work has not been well integrated with research on regulatory tendency (i.e., how often one spontaneously regulates emotion in daily life). Here, we review research on the development of both emotion regulation capacity and tendency. We then propose a framework for testing hypotheses and eventually constructing a neurodevelopmental model of both dimensions of emotion regulation. Clarifying how the brain supports both effective and frequent regulation of threat-related distress across development is crucial to identifying multi-level signs of dysregulation and developing interventions that support youth mental health.",
keywords = "Amygdala, Development, Emotion regulation, Frontolimbic circuitry, Prefrontal cortex",
author = "Camila Caballero and Nook, {Erik C.} and Gee, {Dylan G.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship and an American Psychological Association (APA) Dissertation Research Award to C.C. National Science Foundation (NSF) Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (2104787) to E.C.N. and the National Institutes of Health Director's Early Independence Award (DP5OD021370), Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression) Young Investigator Award, Jacobs Foundation Early Career Research Fellowship, The Society for Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (Division 53 of the APA) Richard “Dick” Abidin Early Career Award and Grant, and NSF CAREER Award (BCS-2145372) to D.G.G. Camila Caballero, the first author of this paper, was a beloved Ph.D. student in the Clinical Affective Neuroscience & Development Lab at Yale who died in December 2021. She was a brilliant researcher, talented clinician, gifted leader, and a cherished mentor and friend to so many. Camila's research broadly focused on the development of emotion regulation among youth experiencing highly stressful environments. Motivated by her experiences working in the classroom as a special education math teacher, Camila was especially interested in understanding heterogeneity in emotion regulation at the behavioral and neural levels to inform how interventions can be better tailored for specific children based on their strengths and areas for growth. Camila brought incredible depth of thought to these questions, approaching her studies with great nuance and consideration for the multifaceted nature of emotion and the environments in which children develop. She was highly creative, both in her scientific approach to designing clever studies to tackle challenging questions that the field has long struggled to answer, and in her design of research materials that are engaging, effective with children and adolescents, and specifically suited for use with youth who have experienced adversity. During her four years in the CANDLab, Camila made invaluable contributions to the lab's line of research on emotion regulation, using fMRI and EMA to better understand how specific dimensions of emotion regulation develop as a function of changes in corticolimbic circuitry. Camila's approach to her research was beautifully human-centered, and was often inspired by the experiences of particular children she had worked with as a teacher or therapist. Camila often referenced Tupac Shakur's famous quote in her work: “You see you wouldn't ask why the rose that grew from the concrete had damaged petals. On the contrary we would all celebrate its tenacity.” She recognized and honored the humanity and immense potential and strengths in every child. Camila's contributions to psychology will continue to reverberate through the many contributions she made to children's mental health, her lasting influence on the CANDLab's research, and the immeasurable impact that she had on her labmates in the CANDLab, the Yale Psychology community, and colleagues across the field. From D.G.G. and E.C.N.: As we have grieved and spent time in community together over the past year, our lab community has felt strongly about helping bring Camila's work to the world. Camila was brilliant and thoughtful and cared deeply about the research she was pursuing. This paper originated as Camila's theme essay in her Ph.D. program and formed the basis of a framework she had proposed to begin to empirically test in her dissertation prospectus. Camila wrote the paper in its original form and revised it with feedback from D.G.G. and her theme essay committee (BJ Casey and Jutta Joormann) over the course of a year, with the goal to ultimately submit it for publication following the completion of her theme essay requirement. In preparing the paper for publication over the past year, E.C.N. condensed it from the longer theme essay format, updated the literature review with newly published studies, and incorporated thoughtful feedback from two reviewers with support from D.G.G. We know Camila would have been very proud and excited to see this work out in the field and are grateful for the opportunity to share it. We thank Alex Shackman and Miquel Fullana for their support during the editing process. Funding Information: This work was supported by a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship and an American Psychological Association ( APA ) Dissertation Research Award to C.C., National Science Foundation ( NSF ) Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences Postdoctoral Research Fellowship ( 2104787 ) to E.C.N., and the National Institutes of Health Director{\textquoteright}s Early Independence Award ( DP5OD021370 ), Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression) Young Investigator Award, Jacobs Foundation Early Career Research Fellowship , The Society for Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (Division 53 of the APA) Richard {"}Dick{"} Abidin Early Career Award and Grant, and NSF CAREER Award (BCS-2145372) to D.G.G. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2023",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105002",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "145",
journal = "Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews",
issn = "0149-7634",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
}