TY - JOUR
T1 - Liquid Metal Diagnostics
AU - Hvasta, M. G.
AU - Bruhaug, G.
AU - Fisher, A. E.
AU - Dudt, D.
AU - Kolemen, E.
N1 - Funding Information:
The research described in this paper was conducted under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a national laboratory operated by Princeton University for the U.S. Department of Energy under prime contract number DE-AC02-09CH11466. The digital data for this paper can be found at http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01x920g025r. This manuscript is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, and has been authored by Princeton University under Contract Number DE-AC02-09CH11466 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher, by accepting the article for publication acknowledges, that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
Funding Information:
The research described in this paper was conducted under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a national laboratory operated by Princeton University for the U.S. Department of Energy under prime contract number DE-AC02-09CH11466. The digital data for this paper can be found at http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01x920g025r . This manuscript is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, and has been authored by Princeton University under Contract Number DE-AC02-09CH11466 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher, by accepting the article for publication acknowledges, that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019, © 2019 American Nuclear Society.
PY - 2020/1/2
Y1 - 2020/1/2
N2 - Liquid metal (LM) plasma-facing components (PFCs) (LM-PFCs) within next-generation fusion reactors are expected to enhance plasma confinement, facilitate tritium breeding, improve reactor thermal efficiency, and withstand large heat and particle fluxes better than solid components made from tungsten, molybdenum, or graphite. Some LM divertor concepts intended for long-pulse operation at >20 MW/m2 incorporate thin (~1 cm), fast-moving (~5 to 10 m/s), free-surface flows. Such systems will require a range of diagnostics to monitor and control the velocity, flow depth, temperature, and impurity concentration of the LM. This paper will highlight technologies developed for the fission and casting/metallurgical industries that can be adapted to meet the needs of LM-PFC research. This paper is divided into four major parts. The first part will look at noncontact flowmeter technologies that are suitable for high-temperature alkali metal systems. These technologies include rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters for bulk flow rate measurements and particle tracking techniques for surface velocity measurements. Second, this paper will detail the operation of a new inductive level sensor that can be used within free-surface LM-PFCs. This robust level sensor can be mounted below the substrate that supports the LM, so it is simple to install and is protected from the damaging conditions inside a fusion reactor. It has been shown that this level sensor can be calibrated using either numerical or experimental techniques. Third, distributed temperature sensors based on fiber-optic technologies will be discussed. This advanced measurement technique provides temperature data with high spatial resolution and has recently been successfully tested in LM systems. Last, diagnostics to measure impurity concentration, such as electrochemical cells, plugging meters, and spectroscopic systems, will be addressed.
AB - Liquid metal (LM) plasma-facing components (PFCs) (LM-PFCs) within next-generation fusion reactors are expected to enhance plasma confinement, facilitate tritium breeding, improve reactor thermal efficiency, and withstand large heat and particle fluxes better than solid components made from tungsten, molybdenum, or graphite. Some LM divertor concepts intended for long-pulse operation at >20 MW/m2 incorporate thin (~1 cm), fast-moving (~5 to 10 m/s), free-surface flows. Such systems will require a range of diagnostics to monitor and control the velocity, flow depth, temperature, and impurity concentration of the LM. This paper will highlight technologies developed for the fission and casting/metallurgical industries that can be adapted to meet the needs of LM-PFC research. This paper is divided into four major parts. The first part will look at noncontact flowmeter technologies that are suitable for high-temperature alkali metal systems. These technologies include rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters for bulk flow rate measurements and particle tracking techniques for surface velocity measurements. Second, this paper will detail the operation of a new inductive level sensor that can be used within free-surface LM-PFCs. This robust level sensor can be mounted below the substrate that supports the LM, so it is simple to install and is protected from the damaging conditions inside a fusion reactor. It has been shown that this level sensor can be calibrated using either numerical or experimental techniques. Third, distributed temperature sensors based on fiber-optic technologies will be discussed. This advanced measurement technique provides temperature data with high spatial resolution and has recently been successfully tested in LM systems. Last, diagnostics to measure impurity concentration, such as electrochemical cells, plugging meters, and spectroscopic systems, will be addressed.
KW - Liquid metal
KW - flowmeter
KW - impurity
KW - level sensor, diagnostics
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U2 - 10.1080/15361055.2019.1661719
DO - 10.1080/15361055.2019.1661719
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85075133043
SN - 1536-1055
VL - 76
SP - 62
EP - 69
JO - Fusion Science and Technology
JF - Fusion Science and Technology
IS - 1
ER -