Kinetic description of electron-proton instability in high-intensity proton linacs and storage rings based on the Vlasov-Maxwell equations

The present analysis makes use of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations to develop a fully kinetic description of the electrostatic, electron-ion two-stream instability driven by the directed axial motion of a high-intensity ion beam propagating in the z direction with average axial momentum γ _bm_bβ_bc through a stationary population of background electrons. The ion beam has characteristic radius r_b and is treated as continuous in the z direction, and the applied transverse focusing force on the beam ions is modeled by F_foc^b = -γ_bm_bω_βb⁰²x _⊥ in the smooth-focusing approximation. Here, ω_βb⁰ = const is the effective betatron frequency associated with the applied focusing field, x_⊥ is the transverse displacement from the beam axis, (γ_b - 1)m _bc² is the ion kinetic energy, and V_b = β_bc is the average axial velocity, where γ_b = (1 - β_b²)^-1/2. Furthermore, the ion motion in the beam frame is assumed to be nonrelativistic, and the electron motion in the laboratory frame is assumed to be nonrelativistic. The ion charge and number density are denoted by +Z_be and n_b, and the electron charge and number density by -e and n_e. For Z_bn _b > n_e, the electrons are electrostatically confined in the transverse direction by the space-charge potential φ produced by the excess ion charge. The equilibrium and stability analysis retains the effects of finite radial geometry transverse to the beam propagation direction, including the presence of a perfectly conducting cylindrical wall located at radius r = r_w. In addition, the analysis assumes perturbations with long axial wavelength, k_z²r_b² ≪ 1, and sufficiently high frequency that |ω/k_z| ≫ υ_Tez and |ω/k_z -V_b| ≫ υ_Tbz, where υ_Tez and υ_Tbz are the characteristic axial thermal speeds of the background electrons and beam ions. In this regime, Landau damping (in axial velocity space υ_z) by resonant ions and electrons is negligibly small. We introduce the ion plasma frequency squared defined by ω̂ _pb² = 4πn̂_bZ_b ²e²/γ_bm_b, and the fractional charge neutralization defined by f = n̂_e/Z_bn̂ _b, where n̂_b and n̂_e are the characteristic ion and electron densities. The equilibrium and stability analysis is carried out for arbitrary normalized beam intensity ω̂_pb²/ω_βb⁰², and arbitrary fractional charge neutralization f, consistent with radial confinement of the beam particles. For the moderately high beam intensities envisioned in the proton linacs and storage rings for the Accelerator for Production of Tritium and the Spallation Neutron Source, the normalized beam intensity is typically ω̂_pb²/ ω_βb⁰² ≲ 0.1. For heavy ion fusion applications, however, the transverse beam emittance is very small, and the space-charge-dominated beam intensity is much larger, with ω̂ _pb²/ω_βb⁰² ≲ 2γ_b². The stability analysis shows that the instability growth rate Imω increases with increasing normalized beam intensity ω̂_pb2/ω_b ⁰² and increasing fractional charge neutralization f. In addition, the instability is strongest (largest growth rate) for perturbations with azimuthal mode number ℓ = 1, corresponding to a simple (dipole) transverse displacement of the beam ions and the background electrons. For the case of overlapping step-function density profiles for the beam ions and background electrons, corresponding to monoenergetic ions and electrons, a key result is that there is no threshold in beam intensity ω̂_pb ²/ω_βb⁰² or fractional charge neutralization f for the onset of instability. Finally, for the case of continuously varying density profiles with parabolic profile shape, a semiquantitative estimate is made of the effects of the corresponding spread in (depressed) betatron frequency on stability behavior, including an estimate of the instability threshold for the case of weak density nonuniformity.