Insights into anthropogenic nitrogen deposition to the North Atlantic investigated using the isotopic composition of aerosol and rainwater nitrate

Identifying the dominant sources of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N _r) is critical for determining the influence of anthropogenic emissions on N_r deposition, especially in marine ecosystems. To test the influence of anthropogenic versus marine air masses, samples were collected in Bermuda, where seasonal atmospheric circulation patterns lead to greater continental transport during the cool season. The ¹⁵N/¹⁴N of aerosol nitrate (NO₃^-) indicates changes in N _r sources and its ¹⁸O/¹⁶O indicates a seasonal shift in the relative strength of pathways of NO₃^- formation. The aerosol δ¹⁵N-NO₃^- was consistently lower than or equal to the rainwater from the same sampling period, the opposite trend of that observed in polluted systems. We propose that this is due to HNO_3(g) uptake onto aerosol particles with a kinetic isotope effect, lowering the aerosol δ¹⁵N-NO₃ ^- relative to residual HNO_3(g). The aerosol δ¹⁸O-NO₃^- was higher than that in rainwater during the cool season, but was not different during the warm season, which we tentatively attribute to the increased importance of heterogeneous halogen chemistry on the formation of NO₃^- during the cool season.