TY - JOUR
T1 - Impacts of ENSO and IOD on Snow Depth Over the Tibetan Plateau
T2 - Roles of Convections Over the Western North Pacific and Indian Ocean
AU - Jiang, Xingwen
AU - Zhang, Tuantuan
AU - Tam, Chi Yung
AU - Chen, Junwen
AU - Lau, Ngar Cheung
AU - Yang, Song
AU - Wang, Zunya
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. This study was jointly supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (Grant 2019QZKK0106), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant XDA20100304), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41661144019, 91337107, and 91637208), the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2018JY0030), the Basic Research and Operation Program of the CMA Institute of Plateau Meteorology (BROP 201514), and the Vice‐Chancellor's Discretionary Fund of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (4930744). The appointment of Ngar‐Cheung Lau at The Chinese University of Hong Kong is partially supported by the AXA Research Fund. The in situ observation of snow depth, snowfall, and 2‐m air temperature in China was obtained via the China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Center ( http://data.cma.cn/en ). The ERA‐Interim data set was obtained via the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts Public Datasets web interface ( http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets ). The HadISST data were obtained via the Met Office Hadley Centre ( https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs ). The NOAA Interpolated OLR data were obtained via the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Division ( https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data ).
Funding Information:
The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. This study was jointly supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (Grant 2019QZKK0106), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant XDA20100304),?the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41661144019, 91337107, and 91637208), the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2018JY0030), the Basic Research and Operation Program of the CMA Institute of Plateau Meteorology (BROP 201514), and the Vice-Chancellor's Discretionary Fund of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (4930744). The appointment of Ngar-Cheung Lau at The Chinese University of Hong Kong is partially supported by the AXA Research Fund. The in situ observation of snow depth, snowfall, and 2-m air temperature in China was obtained via the China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Center (http://data.cma.cn/en). The ERA-Interim data set was obtained via the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts Public Datasets web interface (http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets). The HadISST data were obtained via the Met Office Hadley Centre (https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs). The NOAA Interpolated OLR data were obtained via the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Division (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data).
Publisher Copyright:
©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
PY - 2019/11/27
Y1 - 2019/11/27
N2 - There is a consensus that snow over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) modulates the regional climate significantly. Possible causes for the interannual variability of snow over the TP, however, are under debate, especially regarding the independent roles of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). Based on in situ observational data analyses and model simulations, our study shows that impacts of ENSO and IOD on snow depth (SD) over the TP are different during early winter. In particular, ENSO mostly affects SD over the eastern TP, while IOD affects SD over the central western TP. Both above-normal snowfall and cold temperature anomaly contribute to deeper-than-normal SD, with the former playing a more important role. Diabatic cooling of the suppressed convection over the western North Pacific that related to the positive phase of ENSO could excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation and strong cold temperature anomalies over the eastern TP. There is an enhanced moisture transported over the eastern TP from the tropics due to the anomalous cyclonic circulation, along with strong cold temperature anomalies, resulting in above-normal snowfall in the eastern TP. On the other hand, anomalous convection over the western Indian Ocean related to the positive IOD could generate a wave train propagating northeastward and induce an anomalous cyclonic circulation over the central western TP. The associated anomalous circulation transports extra moisture from the tropics to the central western TP, providing conditions favorable for more snowfall over the central western TP. Opposite conditions tend to occur during negative phases of ENSO and IOD.
AB - There is a consensus that snow over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) modulates the regional climate significantly. Possible causes for the interannual variability of snow over the TP, however, are under debate, especially regarding the independent roles of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). Based on in situ observational data analyses and model simulations, our study shows that impacts of ENSO and IOD on snow depth (SD) over the TP are different during early winter. In particular, ENSO mostly affects SD over the eastern TP, while IOD affects SD over the central western TP. Both above-normal snowfall and cold temperature anomaly contribute to deeper-than-normal SD, with the former playing a more important role. Diabatic cooling of the suppressed convection over the western North Pacific that related to the positive phase of ENSO could excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation and strong cold temperature anomalies over the eastern TP. There is an enhanced moisture transported over the eastern TP from the tropics due to the anomalous cyclonic circulation, along with strong cold temperature anomalies, resulting in above-normal snowfall in the eastern TP. On the other hand, anomalous convection over the western Indian Ocean related to the positive IOD could generate a wave train propagating northeastward and induce an anomalous cyclonic circulation over the central western TP. The associated anomalous circulation transports extra moisture from the tropics to the central western TP, providing conditions favorable for more snowfall over the central western TP. Opposite conditions tend to occur during negative phases of ENSO and IOD.
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U2 - 10.1029/2019JD031384
DO - 10.1029/2019JD031384
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85076182388
SN - 2169-897X
VL - 124
SP - 11961
EP - 11975
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
IS - 22
ER -