Imaging transforming growth factor-Β signaling dynamics and therapeutic response in breast cancer bone metastasis

Although the transforming growth factor-Β (TGF-Β) pathway has been implicated in breast cancer metastasis, its in vivo dynamics and temporal-spatial involvement in organ-specific metastasis have not been investigated. Here we engineered a xenograft model system with a conditional control of the TGF-Β-SMAD signaling pathway and a dual-luciferase reporter system for tracing both metastatic burden and TGF-Β signaling activity in vivo. Strong TGF-Β signaling in osteolytic bone lesions is suppressed directly by genetic and pharmacological disruption of the TGF-Β-SMAD pathway and indirectly by inhibition of osteoclast function with bisphosphonates. Notably, disruption of TGF-Β signaling early in metastasis can substantially reduce metastasis burden but becomes less effective when bone lesions are well established. Our in vivo system for real-time manipulation and detection of TGF-Β signaling provides a proof of principle for using similar strategies to analyze the in vivo dynamics of other metastasis- associated signaling pathways and will expedite the development and characterization of therapeutic agents.