Hydrogeologic controls on induced seismicity in crystalline basement rocks due to fluid injection into basal reservoirs

A series of M_b 3.8-5.5 induced seismic events in the midcontinent region, United States, resulted from injection of fluid either into a basal sedimentary reservoir with no underlying confining unit or directly into the underlying crystalline basement complex. The earthquakes probably occurred along faults that were likely critically stressed within the crystalline basement. These faults were located at a considerable distance (up to 10km) from the injection wells and head increases at the hypocenters were likely relatively small (~70-150m). We present a suite of simulations that use a simple hydrogeologic-geomechanical model to assess what hydrogeologic conditions promote or deter induced seismic events within the crystalline basement across the midcontinent. The presence of a confining unit beneath the injection reservoir horizon had the single largest effect in preventing induced seismicity within the underlying crystalline basement. For a crystalline basement having a permeability of 2×10^-17m² and specific storage coefficient of 10^-7/m, injection at a rate of 5455m³/d into the basal aquifer with no underlying basal seal over 10years resulted in probable brittle failure to depths of about 0.6km below the injection reservoir. Including a permeable (k_z=10^-13m²) Precambrian normal fault, located 20m from the injection well, increased the depth of the failure region below the reservoir to 3km. For a large permeability contrast between a Precambrian thrust fault (10^-12m²) and the surrounding crystalline basement (10^-18m²), the failure region can extend laterally 10km away from the injection well.