Hormonal regulation of behavioral and emotional persistence: Novel insights from a systems-level approach to neuroendocrinology

Gonadal sex steroid hormones regulate internal states, social drive, perception of external cues, and learning and memory. Fluctuating hormones influence mood and emotional states, enabling flexibility in instinctive behaviors and cognitive decisions. Conversely, elevated hormone levels help sustain emotional states and behavioral choices, ensuring the precise execution of costly social behaviors within optimal time windows to maximize reproductive success. While decades of work have shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which sex hormones alter neural excitability and circuit architecture, recent work has begun to tie many of these changes to principles of computation using the tools of systems neuroscience. Here, we will outline the mechanisms by which sex steroid hormones alter neural functioning at the molecular and cellular level and highlight recent work that points towards changes in specific computational functions, including the generation and maintenance of neural and behavioral persistence.