High-Efficiency Ion-Exchange Doping of Conducting Polymers

Ian E. Jacobs, Yue Lin, Yuxuan Huang, Xinglong Ren, Dimitrios Simatos, Chen Chen, Dion Tjhe, Martin Statz, Lianglun Lai, Peter A. Finn, William G. Neal, Gabriele D'Avino, Vincent Lemaur, Simone Fratini, David Beljonne, Joseph Strzalka, Christian B. Nielsen, Stephen Barlow, Seth R. Marder, Iain McCullochHenning Sirringhaus

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

90 Scopus citations

Abstract

Molecular doping—the use of redox-active small molecules as dopants for organic semiconductors—has seen a surge in research interest driven by emerging applications in sensing, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, molecular doping carries with it several intrinsic problems stemming directly from the redox-active character of these materials. A recent breakthrough was a doping technique based on ion-exchange, which separates the redox and charge compensation steps of the doping process. Here, the equilibrium and kinetics of ion exchange doping in a model system, poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) (PBTTT) doped with FeCl3 and an ionic liquid, is studied, reaching conductivities in excess of 1000 S cm−1 and ion exchange efficiencies above 99%. Several factors that enable such high performance, including the choice of acetonitrile as the doping solvent, which largely eliminates electrolyte association effects and dramatically increases the doping strength of FeCl3, are demonstrated. In this high ion exchange efficiency regime, a simple connection between electrochemical doping and ion exchange is illustrated, and it is shown that the performance and stability of highly doped PBTTT is ultimately limited by intrinsically poor stability at high redox potential.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number2102988
JournalAdvanced Materials
Volume34
Issue number22
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 2 2022
Externally publishedYes

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • General Materials Science
  • Mechanics of Materials
  • Mechanical Engineering

Keywords

  • conjugated polymers
  • doping
  • electrical conductivity
  • electrochemistry
  • ion exchange

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