TY - JOUR
T1 - High-Efficiency Ion-Exchange Doping of Conducting Polymers
AU - Jacobs, Ian E.
AU - Lin, Yue
AU - Huang, Yuxuan
AU - Ren, Xinglong
AU - Simatos, Dimitrios
AU - Chen, Chen
AU - Tjhe, Dion
AU - Statz, Martin
AU - Lai, Lianglun
AU - Finn, Peter A.
AU - Neal, William G.
AU - D'Avino, Gabriele
AU - Lemaur, Vincent
AU - Fratini, Simone
AU - Beljonne, David
AU - Strzalka, Joseph
AU - Nielsen, Christian B.
AU - Barlow, Stephen
AU - Marder, Seth R.
AU - McCulloch, Iain
AU - Sirringhaus, Henning
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
PY - 2022/6/2
Y1 - 2022/6/2
N2 - Molecular doping—the use of redox-active small molecules as dopants for organic semiconductors—has seen a surge in research interest driven by emerging applications in sensing, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, molecular doping carries with it several intrinsic problems stemming directly from the redox-active character of these materials. A recent breakthrough was a doping technique based on ion-exchange, which separates the redox and charge compensation steps of the doping process. Here, the equilibrium and kinetics of ion exchange doping in a model system, poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) (PBTTT) doped with FeCl3 and an ionic liquid, is studied, reaching conductivities in excess of 1000 S cm−1 and ion exchange efficiencies above 99%. Several factors that enable such high performance, including the choice of acetonitrile as the doping solvent, which largely eliminates electrolyte association effects and dramatically increases the doping strength of FeCl3, are demonstrated. In this high ion exchange efficiency regime, a simple connection between electrochemical doping and ion exchange is illustrated, and it is shown that the performance and stability of highly doped PBTTT is ultimately limited by intrinsically poor stability at high redox potential.
AB - Molecular doping—the use of redox-active small molecules as dopants for organic semiconductors—has seen a surge in research interest driven by emerging applications in sensing, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, molecular doping carries with it several intrinsic problems stemming directly from the redox-active character of these materials. A recent breakthrough was a doping technique based on ion-exchange, which separates the redox and charge compensation steps of the doping process. Here, the equilibrium and kinetics of ion exchange doping in a model system, poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) (PBTTT) doped with FeCl3 and an ionic liquid, is studied, reaching conductivities in excess of 1000 S cm−1 and ion exchange efficiencies above 99%. Several factors that enable such high performance, including the choice of acetonitrile as the doping solvent, which largely eliminates electrolyte association effects and dramatically increases the doping strength of FeCl3, are demonstrated. In this high ion exchange efficiency regime, a simple connection between electrochemical doping and ion exchange is illustrated, and it is shown that the performance and stability of highly doped PBTTT is ultimately limited by intrinsically poor stability at high redox potential.
KW - conjugated polymers
KW - doping
KW - electrical conductivity
KW - electrochemistry
KW - ion exchange
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U2 - 10.1002/adma.202102988
DO - 10.1002/adma.202102988
M3 - Article
C2 - 34418878
AN - SCOPUS:85113157530
SN - 0935-9648
VL - 34
JO - Advanced Materials
JF - Advanced Materials
IS - 22
M1 - 2102988
ER -