Geochemical and microbial characterizations of flowback and produced water in three shale oil and gas plays in the central and western United States

Engineering & Materials Science

• Acids 15%
• Bacteria 77%
• Biological materials 22%
• Degradation 12%
• Fluorescence 19%
• Humic Substances 29%
• Hydrocarbons 15%
• Lactic acid 23%
• Methanogens 29%
• Oil wells 20%
• Organic carbon 52%
• Produced Water 95%
• Shale 79%
• Shale gas 88%
• Shale oil 100%
• Sulfates 19%
• Wastewater 55%
• Wastewater treatment 20%
• Water 9%
• Water quality 21%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• acid 17%
• analysis 3%
• bacterium 26%
• basin 27%
• community structure 11%
• degradation 9%
• dissolved organic carbon 26%
• dissolved organic matter 13%
• fluorescence 12%
• gas 35%
• gas well 15%
• humic acid 13%
• hydrocarbon 9%
• matrix 8%
• microbial community 23%
• oil shale 76%
• oil well 15%
• parameter 4%
• salinity 9%
• shale 54%
• sulfate-reducing bacterium 15%
• trend 6%
• wastewater 27%
• wastewater treatment 11%
• water 21%
• water quality 9%

Chemical Compounds

• Fluorescence Spectrum 20%
• Gas 36%
• Humic Acid 24%
• Hydrocarbon 16%
• Oil Well 33%
• Organic Matter 24%
• Salinity 26%
• Shale Oil 94%
• Sulfate 17%
• Wastewater 55%
• Wastewater Treatment 22%