TY - JOUR
T1 - From individuals to aggregations
T2 - The interplay between behavior and physics
AU - Flierl, G.
AU - Grünbaum, D.
AU - Levin, Simon Asher
AU - Olson, D.
N1 - Funding Information:
We would like to acknowledge support from the Office of Naval Research\ under ONR!URIP N99903!81!J!0416\ {{Modelling Biological!Physical Interactions] a Population Biological Approach[|| In addition\ GF has support from NSF grant OCE! 8414798\ {{Biogeochemical cycling of carbon in the southern ocean[|| DG would like to acknowledge the support from the Killam Foundation and N[S[F[ Grant 8492367\ {{Special Year in Mathematical Biology at the University of Utah\|| and SL is pleased to acknowledge the support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through grants NAGW!3577 and NAG4!5311 and of the Alfred P[ Sloan Foundation through grant 86!2!4[ The tuna work was augmented by access to data from M[ Lutcavage at the New England Aquarium[ We are especially grateful for the extremely careful and thoughtful comments by our reviewer^ they have been of great help in clarifying the paper[
PY - 1999/2/21
Y1 - 1999/2/21
N2 - This paper analyses the processes by which organisms form groups and how social forces interact with environmental variability and transport. For aquatic organisms, the latter is especially important - will sheared or turbulent flows disrupt organism groups? To analyse such problems, we use individual-based models to study the environmental and social forces leading to grouping. The models are then embedded in turbulent flow fields to gain an understanding of the interplay between the forces acting on the individuals and the transport induced by the fluid motion. Instead of disruption of groups, we find that flows often enhance grouping by increasing the encounter rate among groups and thereby promoting merger into larger groups; the effect breaks down for strong flows. We discuss the transformation of individual-based models into continuum models for the density of organisms. A number of subtle difficulties arise in this process; however, we find that a direct comparison between the individual model and the continuum model is quite favorable. Finally, we examine the dynamics of group statistics and give an example of building an equation for the spatial and temporal variations of the group-size distribution from individual-based simulations. These studies lay the groundwork for incorporating the effects of grouping into models of the large scale distributions of organisms as well as for examining the evolutionary consequences of group formation.
AB - This paper analyses the processes by which organisms form groups and how social forces interact with environmental variability and transport. For aquatic organisms, the latter is especially important - will sheared or turbulent flows disrupt organism groups? To analyse such problems, we use individual-based models to study the environmental and social forces leading to grouping. The models are then embedded in turbulent flow fields to gain an understanding of the interplay between the forces acting on the individuals and the transport induced by the fluid motion. Instead of disruption of groups, we find that flows often enhance grouping by increasing the encounter rate among groups and thereby promoting merger into larger groups; the effect breaks down for strong flows. We discuss the transformation of individual-based models into continuum models for the density of organisms. A number of subtle difficulties arise in this process; however, we find that a direct comparison between the individual model and the continuum model is quite favorable. Finally, we examine the dynamics of group statistics and give an example of building an equation for the spatial and temporal variations of the group-size distribution from individual-based simulations. These studies lay the groundwork for incorporating the effects of grouping into models of the large scale distributions of organisms as well as for examining the evolutionary consequences of group formation.
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U2 - 10.1006/jtbi.1998.0842
DO - 10.1006/jtbi.1998.0842
M3 - Article
C2 - 10036198
AN - SCOPUS:0033590683
SN - 0022-5193
VL - 196
SP - 397
EP - 454
JO - Journal of Theoretical Biology
JF - Journal of Theoretical Biology
IS - 4
ER -