Expansion of denitrification and anoxia in the eastern tropical North Pacific from 1972 to 2012

The eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) is a large region of anoxic water that hosts widespread water column N loss (denitrification). There is some disagreement about the long-term trends of denitrification and anoxia and long-term studies of water column denitrification within the anoxic zone are lacking. In this study, we compared ETNP water column nitrite, N*, and O₂ data along the same transect for four studies ranging from 1972 to 2012. Anoxic water volume increased, and low-oxygen conditions expanded into shallower isopycnals from 1972 to 2012. A geochemical marker for cumulative N loss indicates that denitrification was highest in 2012 and the upper oxygen-deficient zone (ODZ) experienced the most change. Oxygen and N loss changes in the world's largest ODZ for 2012 could not be explained by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and decreased O₂ in supply currents and increased wind-driven upwelling are likely mechanisms contributing to increased N loss and anoxia.