Enhancing construction accuracy, productivity, and safety with augmented reality for timber fastening

Failures in timber construction are predominantly attributed to human errors, which can be mitigated by enhancing process management and control. To reduce human errors in timber connections, an augmented reality (AR)-assisted method for fastening has been developed, targeting enhancements in accuracy, productivity, and construction safety. This method employs markerless inside-out tracking technology combined with an AR user interface to provide real-time visualization of construction data through a head-mounted display, coupled with a near real-time feedback control system. The method was evaluated across multiple case studies, yielding a mean position error of 2.1 mm and an orientation error of 2° in screwing tasks, and 2.7 mm and 3.1° in nailing tasks, complying with standards. These results were validated using paired t-tests. This paper establishes a foundation for the integration of AR-assisted technologies in various timber construction processes, aiming to minimize potential human errors and improve the overall quality of construction work.