Electrical decoupling of microbial electrochemical reactions enables spontaneous H₂ evolution

Hydrogen evolution is not a spontaneous reaction, so current electrochemical H₂ systems either require an external power supply or use complex photocathodes. We present in this study that by using electrical decoupling, H₂ can be produced spontaneously from wastewater. A power management system (PMS) circuit was deployed to decouple bioanode organic oxidation from abiotic cathode proton reduction in the same electrolyte. The special PMS consisted of a boost converter and an electromagnetic transformer, which harvested energy from the anode followed by voltage magnification from 0.35 V to 2.2-2.5 V, enabling in situ H₂ evolution for over 96 h without consuming any external energy. This proof-of-concept demonstrated a cathode faradaic efficiency of 91.3% and a maximum overall H₂ conversion efficiency of 28.9%. This approach allows true self-sustaining wastewater to H₂ evolution, and the system performance can be improved via the PMS and reactor optimization.