Dorsoventral patterning of the vertebrate neural tube is conserved in a protochordate

The notochord and dorsal ectoderm induce dorsoventral compartmentalization of the vertebrate neural tube through the differential regulation of genes such as HNF-3β, Pax3, Pax6 and snail. Here we analyze the expression of HNF-3β and snail homologues in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, a member of the subphylum Urochordata, the earliest branch in the chordate phylum. A combination of in situ hybridization and promoter fusion analyses was used to demonstrate that the Ciona HNF-3β homologue is expressed in the ventralmost ependymal cells of the neural tube, while the Ciona snail homologue is expressed at the junction between the invaginating neuroepithelium and dorsal ectoderm, similar to the patterns seen in vertebrates. These findings provide evidence that dorsoventral compartmentalization of the chordate neural tube is not an innovation of the vertebrates. We propose that precursors of the floor plate and neural crest were present in a common ancestor of both vertebrates and ascidians.