Determination of laminar flame speeds using digital particle image velocimetry: Binary fuel blends of ethylene, n-butane, and toluene flames

The atmospheric laminar flame speeds of mixtures of air with ethylene, n-butane, toluene, ethylene-n-butane, ethylene-toluene, and n-butane-toluene were experimentally and computationally studied over an extended range of equivalence ratios. Binary fuel blends with 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 molar ratios were examined. Experimentally, the laminar flame speeds were determined using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV). Since the use of DPIV allowed the mapping of the two-dimensional flow field ahead of the flame, the reference speed based on the minimum axial velocity point as well as the imposed strain rate could be identified simultaneously. The latter could be unambiguously determined by the radial velocity gradient at the minimum velocity point. By systematically varying the imposed strain rate, the corresponding laminar flame speed was obtained through nonlinear extrapolation to zero strain rate. The associated experimental accuracy of the DPIV measurements was also assessed and elucidated. Computationally, the laminar flame speeds were simulated for all single-component fuel/air and binary fuel blend/air mixtures with a detailed kinetic model. Comparison of experimental and computed flame speeds showed good agreement. A semi-empirical mixing rule was developed. The mixing rule, which requires only the knowledge of the flame speeds and flame temperatures of the individual fuel constituents, provided accurate estimates for the laminar flame speeds of binary fuel blends under the conditions tested. Original is an abstract.