Controlled synthesis of lanthanide-doped NaYF₄ upconversion nanocrystals via ligand induced crystal phase transition and silica coating

Upconversion nanocrystals (NCs) of NaY F4: Yb,Ln (Ln=Er and Tm) in cubic and hexagonal phases were synthesized in oleic acid (OA) and/or trioctylphosphine (TOP) with octadecene (ODE) via a thermolysis method. Only cubic-phase NCs were obtained in OA/ODE and TOP/ODE solvents; on the other hand, the hexagonal-phase NCs resulted in OA/TOP/ODE. The phase transition from cubic to hexagonal was induced by a ligand formed between oleate and TOP at high temperature. Moreover, the addition of OA/TOP in high and low ratios produced hexagonal nanoparticles and nanorods, respectively. The formed NCs were coated by Si O2 using microemulsion reactions for further biofunctionalization in biological applications.