TY - JOUR
T1 - Contribution of Sea-State Dependent Bubbles to Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Fluxes
AU - Reichl, B. G.
AU - Deike, L.
N1 - Funding Information:
We acknowledge support from the Cooperative Institute for Modeling the Earth's System at Princeton University and the Carbon Mitigation Initiative through Princeton's Environmental Institute at Princeton University. We thank Alistair Adcroft, Seth Bushinsky, John Dunne, Stephen Griffies, and Laure Resplandy for helpful discussions related to this work. We acknowledge comments of David Woolf and an anonymous reviewer that improved the manuscript. All data used in preparing this work are publicly available from the addresses and citations provided. The WAVEWATCH‐III model is available online ( https://github.com/NOAA-EMC/WW3 ). The significant wave height and fields produced for this study are available online ( doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3626120 ). u ∗
Funding Information:
We acknowledge support from the Cooperative Institute for Modeling the Earth's System at Princeton University and the Carbon Mitigation Initiative through Princeton's Environmental Institute at Princeton University. We thank Alistair Adcroft, Seth Bushinsky, John Dunne, Stephen Griffies, and Laure Resplandy for helpful discussions related to this work. We acknowledge comments of David Woolf and an anonymous reviewer that improved the manuscript. All data used in preparing this work are publicly available from the addresses and citations provided. The WAVEWATCH-III model is available online (https://github.com/NOAA-EMC/WW3). The significant wave height and u? fields produced for this study are available online (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3626120). NOAANA14OAR4320106National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Publisher Copyright:
©2020. The Authors.
PY - 2020/5/16
Y1 - 2020/5/16
N2 - Breaking surface ocean waves produce bubbles that are important for air-sea gas exchanges, particularly during high winds. In this study we estimate air-sea CO2 fluxes globally using a new approach that considers the surface wave contribution to gas fluxes. We estimate that 40% of the net air-sea CO2 flux is via bubbles, with annual, seasonal, and regional variability. When compared to traditional gas-flux parameterization methods that consider the wind speed alone, we find high-frequency (daily to weekly) differences in the predicted gas flux using the sea-state dependent method at spatial scales related to atmospheric weather (10 to 100 km). Seasonal net differences in the air-sea CO2 flux due to the sea-state dependence can exceed 20%, with the largest values associated with North Atlantic and North Pacific winter storms. These results confirm that bubbles are important for global gas-flux dynamics and that sea-state dependent parameterizations may improve performance of global coupled models.
AB - Breaking surface ocean waves produce bubbles that are important for air-sea gas exchanges, particularly during high winds. In this study we estimate air-sea CO2 fluxes globally using a new approach that considers the surface wave contribution to gas fluxes. We estimate that 40% of the net air-sea CO2 flux is via bubbles, with annual, seasonal, and regional variability. When compared to traditional gas-flux parameterization methods that consider the wind speed alone, we find high-frequency (daily to weekly) differences in the predicted gas flux using the sea-state dependent method at spatial scales related to atmospheric weather (10 to 100 km). Seasonal net differences in the air-sea CO2 flux due to the sea-state dependence can exceed 20%, with the largest values associated with North Atlantic and North Pacific winter storms. These results confirm that bubbles are important for global gas-flux dynamics and that sea-state dependent parameterizations may improve performance of global coupled models.
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U2 - 10.1029/2020GL087267
DO - 10.1029/2020GL087267
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85084449492
SN - 0094-8276
VL - 47
JO - Geophysical Research Letters
JF - Geophysical Research Letters
IS - 9
M1 - e2020GL087267
ER -