Continuous Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol Catalyzed by Diffusion-Paired Copper Dimers in Copper-Exchanged Zeolites

Copper-exchanged zeolites can continuously and selectively catalyze the partial oxidation of methane to methanol using only oxygen and water at low temperatures, but the genesis and nature of the active sites are currently unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that this reaction is catalyzed by a [Cu-O-Cu]²⁺ motif that forms via a hypothesized proton-aided diffusion of hydrated Cu ions within the cages of SSZ-13 zeolites. While various Cu configurations may be present and active for methane oxidation, a dimeric Cu motif is the primary active site for selective partial methane oxidation. Mechanistically, CH₄ activation proceeds via rate-determining C-H scission to form a surface-bound C₁ intermediate that can either be desorbed as methanol in the presence of H₂O/H⁺ or completely oxidized to CO₂ by gas-phase O₂. High partial oxidation selectivity can be obtained with (i) high methane and water partial pressures and (ii) maximizing Cu dimer formation by using zeolites with high Al content and low Cu loadings.