Consistent inclusion of continuum solvation in energy decomposition analysis: theory and application to molecular CO₂reduction catalysts

To facilitate computational investigation of intermolecular interactions in the solution phase, we report the development of ALMO-EDA(solv), a scheme that allows the application of continuum solvent models within the framework of energy decomposition analysis (EDA) based on absolutely localized molecular orbitals (ALMOs). In this scheme, all the quantum mechanical states involved in the variational EDA procedure are computed with the presence of solvent environment so that solvation effects are incorporated in the evaluation ofallits energy components. After validation on several model complexes, we employ ALMO-EDA(solv) to investigate substituent effects on two classes of complexes that are related to molecular CO₂reduction catalysis. For [FeTPP(CO₂-κC)]²⁻(TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin), we reveal that twoorthosubstituents which yield most favorable CO₂binding, -N(CH₃)₃⁺(TMA) and -OH, stabilize the complexviathrough-structure and through-space mechanisms, respectively. The coulombic interaction between the positively charged TMA group and activated CO₂is found to be largely attenuated by the polar solvent. Furthermore, we also provide computational support for the design strategy of utilizing bulky, flexible ligands to stabilize activated CO₂vialong-range Coulomb interactions, which creates biomimetic solvent-inaccessible “pockets” in that electrostatics is unscreened. For the reactant and product complexes associated with the electron transfer from thep-terphenyl radical anion to CO₂, we demonstrate that the double terminal substitution ofp-terphenyl by electron-withdrawing groups considerably strengthens the binding in the product state while moderately weakens that in the reactant state, which are both dominated by the substituent tuning of the electrostatics component. These applications illustrate that this new extension of ALMO-EDA provides a valuable means to unravel the nature of intermolecular interactions and quantify their impacts on chemical reactivity in solution.