@article{cb64156a33ee4184a24de272641d83a6,
title = "Clustered supernovae drive powerful galactic winds after superbubble breakout",
abstract = "We use three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of vertically stratified patches of galactic discs to study how the spatio-temporal clustering of supernovae (SNe) enhances the power of galactic winds. Randomly distributed SNe drive inefficient galactic winds because most supernova remnants lose their energy radiatively before breaking out of the disc. Accounting for the fact that most star formation is clustered alleviates this problem. Superbubbles driven by the combined effects of clustered SNe propagate rapidly enough to break out of galactic discs well before the clusters' SNe stop going off. The radiative losses post-breakout are reduced dramatically and a large fraction (≳0.2) of the energy released by SNe vents into the halo powering a strong galactic wind. These energetic winds are capable of providing strong preventative feedback and eject substantial mass from the galaxy with outflow rates of the order of the star formation rate. The momentum flux in the wind is only of order that injected by the SNe, because the hot gas vents before doing significant work on the surroundings. We show that our conclusions hold for a range of galaxy properties, both in the local Universe (e.g. M82) and at high redshift (e.g. z ~ 2 star-forming galaxies). We further show that if the efficiency of forming star clusters increases with increasing gas surface density, as suggested by theoretical arguments, the condition for star cluster-driven superbubbles to break out of galactic discs corresponds to a threshold star formation rate surface density for the onset of galactic winds ~0.03M⊙ yr-1 kpc-2, of order that observed.",
keywords = "Galaxies: ISM, Galaxies: evolution, Galaxies: formation, Galaxies: starburst, ISM: supernova remnants",
author = "Drummond Fielding and Eliot Quataert and Davide Martizzi",
note = "Funding Information: EQ was supported in part by a Simons Investigator Award from the Simons Foundation and by NSF grant AST-1715070. DM was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellowship grant P300P2 161062, in part by NASA ATP grant 12-APT12-0183 and in part by the CTA and DARK-Carlsberg Foundation Fellowship. Funding Information: DF and EQ would like to thank Chris J. White, Chang-Goo Kim, Chris McKee, Evan Schneider, Eve Ostriker, Todd Thompson, and Claude-Andr{\'e} Faucher-Gigu{\`e}re for useful conversations regarding the physical processes relevant to launch galactic winds and their numerical implementations.We thank the referee for a constructive and detailed report. We thank the Simons Foundation and the organizers of the workshop Galactic Winds: Beyond Phenomenology (J. Kollmeier and A. Benson) where this work germinated. EQ was supported in part by a Simons Investigator Award from the Simons Foundation and by NSF grant AST-1715070. DM was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellowship grant P300P2 161062, in part by NASA ATP grant 12-APT12-0183 and in part by the CTA and DARK-Carlsberg Foundation Fellowship. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) comet at SDSC through allocation TGAST160020, as well as the savio computational cluster resource provided by the Berkeley Research Computing program at the University of California, Berkeley (supported by the UC Berkeley Chancellor, Vice Chancellor for Research, and Chief Information Officer). Funding Information: This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) comet at SDSC through allocation TG-AST160020, as well as the savio computational cluster resource provided by the Berkeley Research Computing program at the University of California, Berkeley (supported by the UC Berkeley Chancellor, Vice Chancellor for Research, and Chief Information Officer). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.",
year = "2018",
month = dec,
day = "11",
doi = "10.1093/mnras/sty2466",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "481",
pages = "3325--3347",
journal = "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",
issn = "0035-8711",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "3",
}