Climate, Oxygen, and the Future of Marine Biodiversity

Curtis Deutsch, Justin L. Penn, Noelle Lucey

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

15 Scopus citations

Abstract

The ocean enabled the diversification of life on Earth by adding O2 to the atmosphere, yet marine species remain most subject to O2 limitation. Human industrialization is intensifying the aerobic challenges to marine ecosystems by depleting the ocean's O2 inventory through the global addition of heat and local addition of nutrients. Historical observations reveal an ∼2% decline in upper-ocean O2 and accelerating reports of coastal mass mortality events. The dynamic balance of O2 supply and demand provides a unifying framework for understanding these phenomena across scales from the global ocean to individual organisms. Using this framework, we synthesize recent advances in forecasting O2 loss and its impacts on marine biogeography, biodiversity, and biogeochemistry. We also highlight three outstanding uncertainties: how long-term global climate change intensifies ocean weather events in which simultaneous heat and hypoxia create metabolic storms, how differential species O2 sensitivities alter the structure of ecological communities, and how global O2 loss intersects with coastal eutrophication. Projecting these interacting impacts on future marine ecosystems requires integration of climate dynamics, biogeochemistry, physiology, and ecology, evaluated with an eye on Earth history. Reducing global and local impacts of warming and O2 loss will be essential if humankind is to preserve the health and biodiversity of the future ocean.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)217-245
Number of pages29
JournalAnnual Review of Marine Science
Volume16
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 17 2024

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • Oceanography

Keywords

  • biodiversity
  • climate change
  • deoxygenation
  • ecosystem
  • hypoxia
  • marine species

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