TY - JOUR
T1 - Clay swelling mechanism in clay-bearing sandstones
AU - Wangler, Timothy
AU - Scherer, George W.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by grant MT-2210-07-NC-05 from the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training. The authors are indebted to Dr George Wheeler for providing samples of the stone from Aztec Monument National Park.
PY - 2008/12
Y1 - 2008/12
N2 - Swelling clays in stone can generate damaging stresses during a wetting or a drying cycle, which lead to deterioration of building stones such as Portland Brownstone. There are two primary types of swelling identified for clays: short-range, ordered intracrystalline swelling, and long-range, continuous osmotic swelling. Identification of the swelling mode is important for understanding and ultimately preventing swelling damage. Through comparison of XRD and swelling experiments with cationic pretreatments and organic solvents, we demonstrate that intracrystalline swelling is the primary mode of swelling present in three different stones, including Portland Brownstone. The results highlight the importance of the counterbalancing cation to the swelling process, and a method for characterizing the intracrystalline swelling in sandstones is developed. Finally, the implications of long-term swelling behavior for stones are discussed.
AB - Swelling clays in stone can generate damaging stresses during a wetting or a drying cycle, which lead to deterioration of building stones such as Portland Brownstone. There are two primary types of swelling identified for clays: short-range, ordered intracrystalline swelling, and long-range, continuous osmotic swelling. Identification of the swelling mode is important for understanding and ultimately preventing swelling damage. Through comparison of XRD and swelling experiments with cationic pretreatments and organic solvents, we demonstrate that intracrystalline swelling is the primary mode of swelling present in three different stones, including Portland Brownstone. The results highlight the importance of the counterbalancing cation to the swelling process, and a method for characterizing the intracrystalline swelling in sandstones is developed. Finally, the implications of long-term swelling behavior for stones are discussed.
KW - Building deterioration
KW - Geomorphology
KW - Stone decay
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U2 - 10.1007/s00254-008-1380-3
DO - 10.1007/s00254-008-1380-3
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:55849151359
SN - 0943-0105
VL - 56
SP - 529
EP - 534
JO - Environmental Geology
JF - Environmental Geology
IS - 3-4
ER -